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Nagara class Cruisers (1920)
Empire of Japan, 1920. Light Cruisers:
IJN Nagara, Isuzu, Natori, Yura, Kinu, Abukuma
The second "three piper" light cruiser serie
The six Nagara-class light cruisers (長良型軽巡洋艦, Nagaragata keijun'yōkan) of the Imperial Japanese Navy were part of the massive 1919 naval plan. They followed the previous
Kuma class
, being almost repeats with little changes. They made the backbone of the cruiser force in the 1920s and proved still useful in combat despite their age, soldierng on secondary fronts like the the Aleutians, but also the Indian Ocean. They most often served as flagships for destroyer/submarine squadrons, a role for which they had been designed originally. They were also often deployed for transport, or local defense but by 1944-45 their limited size and topwight tolerances prevented extending their AA defense and surviving ships went to assume second-line missions. The Nagara class was itself followed by the very close Sendai class, the last of this "flotilla leader" 1919 generation inugurated by the
Tenryu class
.
IJN Tama of the Kuma class in 1925 at Honolulu's Pier 8, which inspired the Nagara class. Notice the early bridge, reminiscent of the previous Tenryu class.
Specifications
The Nagara class cruisers displaced 5,570 long tons (5,659 t) normal (7,203 t deep load) for 158.6 m (520 ft 4 in) at the waterline and 162.1 m (531 ft 10 in) long overall, a 14.2 m (46 ft 7 in) beam, 4.8 m (15 ft 9 in) draft. They were all propelled by the same arrangement of 4 shaft Gihon geared turbines, fed by 12 Kampon boilers for a total output rated at 90,000 shp (67,000 kW). This enables them a stop speed of 36 knots (41 mph; 67 km/h), and a range of 6,000 nmi (11,000 km) at 14 knots (26 km/h).
With a complement of 450 officers and ratings, they were armed by seven 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns, two 2 × 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval gun and eight 610 mm (24 in) torpedo tubes in four twin broadside baks. They were also fitted with rails to carry and drop 48 naval mines. They also carried an unprotected floatplane, launched at their aft axial catapult.
Protection was minimal: They were given an armoured belt 60 mm (2.4 in) in thickness for the central section (between the two aftermost guns), and an armoured deck 30 mm (1.2 in) thick.
In 1944, the rebuilt Isuzu had three twin 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun, 11 triple, and 17 single Type 96 25 mm AA guns, and depth charges. The other surviving cruisers in 1944 also received single, twin and triple 25 mm guns but mostly retained their main artillery. None was ever fitted with a radar.
Comparison between the three classes: Kuma, Nagara and Sendai.
Design
The Nagara class were still based on the standardized 5,500 ton displacement of the Kuma class and stayed relatively similar in general conception. From dimensions and performance they were near-sister ships, with the same artillery management and calibers, but at least upgraded their torpedo tubes outfit by swapping on the new formidable 610-millimetre (24 in) Type 93 Long Lance Torpedo. They required a larger launcher (see later).
Another major difference was the bridge's aircraft hangar accomodations, with an initially designed 33-foot (10 m) platform mounted above the No.2 turret, extending over the forward superstructure, below the bridge. Later during their first refit, this was abandoned and replaced by a standard aircraft catapult. Still in service, these arrangements proved unwieldy, and the catapult was eventually installed aft, between the last funnel and aft mast between during their reconstructions of 1929-1934. The Nagara's bridges differed from one ship to another, some being bulky and rectangular, others lighter and triangular in shape. Abukuma mounted a 20-foot (6.1 m) rangefinder on top of her bridge instead of the tripod, Nagara and Isuzu had a 15-foot (4.6 m) one, Natori a 13-foot (4.0 m) one and Yura, Kinu a 12-foot (3.7 m) instrument on top of the bridge.
Design variations between ships in 1941
Construction and details
IJN Kinu in 1942
The same basic design for the hull was used, with a forecaste extending to after the third funnel, about 1/3 of the total lenght, and two underdeck openings for the torpedo tubes banks. All main armament, seven standard guns, were mostly axial, but with two wings shielded guns forward. Their silhouette was kept the same, with a tall bridge and tripod mainmast, than aft tripod supporting searchlights. The prow was given the same caracteristic "icebreaker" bow design.
The powerplant, its arrangement and locations were also identical. There was a high freeboard and relatively light bridge structure. It was the tripod that supported the main fire control platform and forward searchlights, as in the Kuma. As the Kumas, light, partly bolted construction meant their structural weakness later needed to be adressed later in the 1930s, by stiffering the hull and outer bracing.
Protection & armour scheme
IJN Natori, ONI plate
Protection in general was the poor child of the design, and in no way innovative, as it was essentially a copy-paste of Kuma's. Lowest in priorities, it was only provided to cover vital parts of the ship against 4 or 5 inches destroyer rounds: The armored Belt was 60 mm (2.4 in), covering the ship's amidship section, internally. It extended from the first funnel to the aft tripod mast. This main belt was 7.32m high (24 ft) but protected only the machinery as its upper part which measured 73.2 meters long (240 ft) by 3 meters in height (10 ft), was 51mm thick. Its lower section extended on 68.3 meters (224 ft) and was 4.32 meters high (14 ft), 63mm thick (2.4 in).
The central section was enclosed in a 30 mm (1.2 in) armored deck, sloped to connect to the belt. Main guns armored shields were just thick enough to manage shrapnels. The conning tower forward was protected however by 2-inches of armour (51 mm on Kuma), with a 25 mm thick roof.
Powerplant
Propulsion system on the Nagara class used the same arrangement as Kuma's four Curtis-Parsons axial deceleration turbines, mated with 12 mixed boilers for a total output of 90,000 hp (67,000 kW), which was exceptional in 1922. Ten boilers burned heavy oil, and two burned coal (For ONI, 8 oil, 4 coal), but the latter had injectors to spread oil and boost combustion. The Nagara-class managed to reach 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph), which was still very fast for a cruiser at the time. Their range, thanks to oil, was still of 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km) at 10 knots cruising speed. She carried 1260 tons of oil and 300 tons of coal, and was still able to ru for 1,500 nautical miles at 33 knots as shown on trials.
Armament
Main battery:
Seven 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval guns in gun mounts with masks: Two forward in the axis, two on the wings, three aft of the funnels, including two forwrad of the aft mast, one after, in surelevated position on the quartedeck to avoid water sprey interference. A broadside was only six guns strong.
Specs: Breech Welin breech block, separate-loading, bagged charge, 38 kg (84 lb) HE or AP shell, muzzle velocity 850–855 meters per second, rate of fire 6 rpm, elevation/depression -7°/+35°, range 19,750 m (21,600 yd).
Secondary battery:
The Nagara had an highly deficient anti-aircraft protection: Two 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval guns, two 6.5 mm machine guns. They were removed and replaced during wartime reconstructions, with the addition of Type 96 25-mm anti-aircraft guns while Kiso and Tama replaced their 140 mm gun by a twin turret with 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval guns. In mid-was, all were disposed of their 5th and 7th guns. In 1944, along with radars, but Isuzu was the most deeply modified of the whole serie at the eve of the Battle of Leyte (see below), almost loosing all her main guns but two, her torpedo tubes, but gaining twin 127 mm AA and many triple and single 25 mm guns. By that time, most had lost their catapult and floatplane to save weight, as well as some TTs, leaning more to a pure AA/ASW role, with the addition of depth charges racks.
Torpedo tubes:
Assuredly the string point of the design compared to the Kumas. The latter carried four twin 533 mm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes, replaced on the Nagara class by the same number of Type 93 Long Lance Torpedoes. The latter were faster, had almost twice the range and carrier a much larger warhead.
The Nagara class had their decks fitted with rails in order to carry and operate 48 naval mines. This feature was rarely (if never) used in practice, seeing their service logs.
Onboard aviation:
Nakajima E8N, in service on these cruisers in 1937-39.
By the time they were equipped with aviation, the ships carried likely the Nakajima E2N, then E4N and E8N. When WW2 broke out they still carried the dependable Kawanishi E7K biplane, and the Mitsubishi F1M when available from 1941.
Mitsubishi F1M "Pete", last observation floatplane used, in WW2.
Interwar and wartime Modifications
IJN Abukuma in 1941 (Tamiya boxart)
In 1929 Yura received a forward catapult over guns No 1 & 2 and hangar at the bas of the bridge (like some British cruisers), and it was fitted on 1931 for IJN Kinu.
In 1932,Natori was given an aft catapult plus a quadruple 13.2mm/76 machine gun mount. It was in 1933 on Nagara and Isuzu, and in 1934 on Abukuma.
In 1934 Kinu and Yura were retrofitted also with their catapult moved aft, between No 6 & 7 guns, and same 13.2 mm mount. All from 1932 also received two 6.5mm/115 and two 7.7mm/80 AA light machine guns. From 1932 and 1937 during refits, they all also received two single extra 76mm/40 AA guns and two single 13.2mm/76 heavy machine guns.
In 1934-1935 all had their structure stiffened: Liquid ballasts added, metal bracing around the hull externally and internall, with a full displacement now to 8,000t top speed down to 32kts. In 1935-1936 their coal boilers were replaced by oil-burning ones with now a fuel stowage ported to 1,600t.
In 1937, Natori had an extra quad 13.2mm/76 mounted plus a twin 40mm/62 HI 91-shiki guns temporarily for tests (the Bofors), as Yura.
In 1938 and up to 1940 all receved two additional 13.2mm/76 AA HMGs and twi twin 25mm/60 type 96 AA guns.
Wartime saw mainly armament modifications: Abukuma received the first in 1941 two extra quadruple 610mm Torpedo Tubes in addition of her four twin banks and soon also two extra single 7.7mm/80 MGs, ported on all ships.
In 1942 only Nagara was modified, receiving an extra quad 13.2mm/76 as well as two twin mounts and in early 1943, her number 5 140mm/50 turret was removed but she gained four twin 25mm/60 AA guns 96-shiki.
In January 1943 Abukuma also the same removal of N°5 turre for the addition of a quad 13.2mm/76, a twin one, and two twin 25mm/60 96-shiki. Same was done on Isuzu in May, with two 140mm/50, No 5, 7 removed and a twin 127mm/40 89-shiki added and two triple 25mm/60 96-shiki, and she was the first with radar, equipped with a 1-shiki 2-go model. The same was added to Abukuma in October as well as on Nagara and the same month, Kinu also saw the rmoval of No 5, 7 turrets, catapult and seaplane for a twin 127mm/40 89-shiki, two triple 25mm/60 96-shiki, 2 DCR (36 depht charges) and the same 1-shiki 2-go radar. In November, Abukuma had No 7 removed and gained also a twin 127mm/40 and triple 25mm/60 plus four 25/60 96-shiki, and three 13.2mm/76 HMGs all single.
IJN Isuzu 1944
1944 some more modifications: In March, IJN Natori had her No 5, 7 main guns removed as well as her catapult and seaplane and addition of a twin 127mm/40 Type 89, two triple 25mm/60, four single 25mm/60, 2 DCR (36) for ASW escort and the same 1-shiki 2-go radar. The same month, Abukuma had her catapult and airplane removed to save weight, then a triple 25 mm added. A month later, IJN Nagara had also her No 7 removed as wel as her four twin 610mm TT, catapult and seaplane removed, but gained a 127mm/, two triple 25mm/60 four single, and two DCR (depht charge racks) (36).
In June 1944 IJN Nagara received an extra twin 13.2mm/76, eight singles, and ten 25mm/60 plus the new 2-shiki 2-go radar. Same was done on Abukuma a month later, with ten 25mm/60 96-shiki, but five single 13.2mm/76. In September, Isuzu had five 140mm/50 removed. She gained two twin 25mm/60, a quad 13.2mm/76, had her two twin 610mm TT, catapult and seaplane removed but gained two twin 127mm/40 89-shiki, nine triple 25mm/60 96-shiki, 17 single 25mm/60 and 2 DCR (36) plus the new 2-shiki 2-go radar and two 3-shiki 1-go radars and the 93-shiki 3-gata sonar, converted as an AA/ASW escort essentially at this point. This was the last large scale modification of the class.
In october 1944, the surviving ships were IJN Kinu, which received in turn two 2-shiki 2-go and 3-shiki 1-go radar, and Abukuma which saw installed ten 25mm/60 AA 96-shiki guns.
Newly dedicated illustration of the Nagara class in 1941 by the author.
Other illustrations by the author depicting the Kuma and Sendai classes to compare.
Sources/Read More
Books
Gardner, Robert (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921. Conway
Lacroix, Japanese Cruisers, p. 794
CombinedFleet.com: Abukuma & others, Tabular Record of Movement
Dull, A Battle History - Imperial Japanese Navy
Brown, David (1990). Warship Losses of World War Two. Naval Institute Press.
D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub.
Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945. Naval Institute Press.
Evans, David (1979). Kaigun : Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941.
Howarth, Stephen (1983). The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The drama of the IJN, 1895-1945. Atheneum.
Jentsura, Hansgeorg (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945.
Lacroix, Eric & Wells II, Linton (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Annapolis
Roscoe, Theodore (1949). United States Submarine Operations in World War II.
Stille, Mark (2012). Imperial Japanese Navy Light Cruisers 1941-45. Osprey.
Tamura, Toshio (2004). "Correcting the Record: New Insights Concerning Japanese Destroyers and Cruisers of World War II". Warship International. XLI
Whitley, M.J. (1995). Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
Links
The nagara class On navypedia.com
The Nagara class on Combined fleet.com
The class on homepage2.nifty.com - archive
CC pics - wikimedia commons
On wikpedia
On history.navy.mil
On wrecksite.eu
On globalsecurity.org
On shipbucket
3D rendition - by Thomas Berens
Nagara
by
ThomasBeerens
on
Sketchfab
ONI booklet regoignition page of the "Natori class".
ONI USN photos of Yura, bow grand angle view at Shanghai in 1937.
The modeller's corner
Nagara class - model kit
IJN KUMA NAGARA SENDAI Class Japanese Navy Light Cruisers Vintage Gakken 32 Book
Nagara class general query on scalemates
Colorized photos
On the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
Gallery
IJN Kinu's forward catapult and aicraft arrangement in 1931, colorized by irootoko Jr.
IJN Nagara in Shanghai, 1936, colorized by irootoko Jr.
IJN Natori in Sasebo, 1935, colorized by irootoko Jr.
IJN Abukuma in 1933, colorized by irootoko Jr.
IJN Kiso in 1937
IJN Kiso camouflaged in 1942, in the Aleutians
A camouflaged Tama in 1942, to compare. ONI had difficulties to tell the Kuma and Nagara classes apart. Perhaps the biggest giveaway was the Nagara's straight funnels, like for the following Sendai. But they diverged by their bridges, masts, and bow shapes between themselves...
IJN Nagara
IJN Nagara in the early 1930s with her early aviation platform
Interwar career
Nagara was laid down on 9 September 1920, launched on 25 April 1921 and completed at Sasebo Naval Arsenal under command of Captain Kuroda, commissioned on 21 April 1922. Soon after she was assigned to Port Arthur, patrolling the China coast down to Tsingtao. Ship's logs shows that ftom 10 November 1922 her new captain was Fujii Kensuke, then in November 1923 Sato Minokichi, in November 1924 Hori Teikichi, in October 1925 Yoshitake Junzo, July 1926 Yanagisawa Kyosuke, December 1927 Ban Jiro, December 1927 Sagara Tatsuo, December 1928 Sato Ichiro, the former 1st Fleet/Combined Fleet staff officer, in May 1929 Mitsui Seizaburo, November 1929 Kobayashi Sonosuke, December 1930 Waki Kanae, December 1931 Taniike Saburo, and December 1932 Watanabe Tokushiro followed by Captain Takeo Takagi in November 1934, Matsunaga Jiro, Sadamichi Kajioka (1935-1936), Matsuyama Mitsuharu. All this time, the cruiser alternated home water fleet training, overhaul/maintenance periods, and patrols along the China coast.
War in China
The Second Sino-Japanese War saw Nagara assigned to cover Japanese convoys bringing troops for the
Battle of Shanghai
, and continue patrolling Chinese coast, making incursions in the Yangtze River until 1939. From 14 August 1937 she was under command of Rear Admiral Tanimoto Umataro at the head of CruDiv 8, (NAGARA as flagship, JINTSU, SENDAI). They took up position for cover shelling at Woosung Flats off Shanghai. Nagara bombed Pootung, over the masts of the British sloop HMS FALMOUTH, which captain was rightously worried.
On 10 November 1937 Captain Sawada Torao took command, and on 10 May 1938 the cruiser was reaffected into Vice Admiral Shiozawa Koichi's 5th Fleet, Nagara being appinted as DesRon 5's flagship. With her destroyers she shelled Ho-tsu, Ni-chin, and Wu-tung, then covered an amphibious assault, 2,000 troops from Yokosuka, Kure and Sasebo, part of the Marine Special Naval Landing Forces, while aircraft from KAMOI, KAMIKAWA MARU targeted bridges, roads, ferries and ships and eventually overran the Chinese 75th Division.
On 12 May 1938 Amoy fell and in July, Capt. Ichise Shinichi took command, folloed by Edo Heitaro and in July 1939 Yano Hideo, then in September Nakazato Takaharu. With the heavy cruisers Myōkō and Nachi, Nagara participated in the Hainan Island Operation in February 1939 (Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō). From 1st November 1940 Captain Sone Akira takes command and he was replaced on September 1941 by Naoi Toshi while the cruiser was reassigned under Vice Admiral Takahashi Ibo's CruDiv 16, Third Fleet (Flagship ASHIGARA), also comprising the destroyer leaders KUMA and NATORI (DesRon 5).
From 30 January 1941 to 8 April 1941, Nagara took part in the
Invasion of French Indochina
and from 10 June 1941 to 9 September 1941, covered for the landings in southern China.
WW2: Invasion of the Philippines and Dutch East Indies
From 10 September 1941, Nagara took part in her last preparatory training and on 26 November, became flagship of Rear Admiral Kyuji Kubo, as part of the 4th "Surprise Attack Unit" in Palau when the Pearl Harbor operation started. On 11–12 December she deployed with a naval landing force, and covered the landings at Legaspi in Luzon (Philippines). She was back to Rabaul and returning there on 24–30 December, for additional landings at southeast Luzon.
In January 1942, she escorted another landing convoy, Sasebo No. 1 Special Naval Landing Force. They landed at Menado and Kendari in the Celebes. On 25 January 1942 at Kendari, the destroyer Hatsuharu collided with Nagara. Her hull was damage enough so she needed repairs at Davao while Rear Admiral Kubo transferred his flag IJN Hatsushimo. Back on 4 February 1942 Kubō transferred his flag back to her and she was deployed for the invasion of Makassar. On the night of 6-7 February 1942, submarine USS Sculpin spotted Nagara, believing she was a Tenryū-class cruiser. Two Mark 14 torpedoes were fired, one missing, the other prematurely exploding, one of the numerous mishaps of this ordnance at that time.
On 17 February 1942, escorted transports carrying the IJA's 48th Infantry Division intended for the Dutch East Indies invasion. They landed at Bali and Java. The British submarine HMS Truant spotted Nagara and fired six torpedoes but missed, soon chased down and grenaded by destroyers (she escaped). On 10 March 1942, the 3rd Fleet became the Second Southern Expeditionary Fleet (Vice Admiral Takahashi) but Nagara stayed Rear Admiral Kenzaburō Hara's flagship for the 16th Cruiser Division, also comprising her sister ship Kinu and the formr school crusier IJN Natori.
On 29 March 1942, covered the landings at Christmas Island, soon to be spotted by the submarine USS Seawolf, which fired three torpedoes, all missing (perhaps some hit, but due to the Mk.14 problems, we will never know). At last 2 April 1942 IJN Nagara went back to Japan, to be overhauled at the Maizuru Naval Arsenal drydock, from 12 to 24 April 1942.
Assigned as flagship, Rear Admiral Susumu Kimura's 10th Destroyer Flotilla (Nowaki, Arashi, Hagikaze, Maikaze, Makigumo, Kazagumo, Yūgumo, Urakaze, Isokaze, Hamakaze, Tanikaze) she was placed under command of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, 1st Fleet and soon mobilized to take part in the battle of Midway.
Battle of Midway
IJN Nagara flanked the main Carrier Striking Force (Kido Butai, Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū, Hiryū) escorted with the battleships Haruna and Kirishima, the cruisers Tone and Chikuma. On 4 June 1942, she spotted the submarine USS Nautilus just after she launched her torpedoes on Kirishima. As Akagi was left burning, Vice-Admiral Nagumo transferred his flag to the DD Nowaki and then to Nagara. She went back to Japan on 13 June 1942 with 500 wounded sailors to Hashirajima and the hospital ship Hikawa Maru anchored there.
Battle of the Solomon Islands
On 14 July 1942, the 10th Destroyer Flotilla returned to the 3rd Fleet which headed for her new base in Truk on 16 August 1942. They were escorting what was left of the Kido Butai, the fleet carriers Shōkaku, Zuikaku, Ryūjō, and the battleships Hiei and Kirishima, the cruisers Tone and Chikuma, and 25 August 1942, Nagara took part in the
Battle of the Eastern Solomons
, as escort, but left unscaved.
She was back in Truk on 5 September 1942 and sorties several times in the Solomon Islands by September. She also participated on 25–26 October 1942 to the
Battle of Santa Cruz Islands
, escaping damage and she was back in Truk again, until 9 November 1942: Rear Admiral Kimura and Nagara's destroyer squadron was assigned Hiei and Kirishima's screen for a plan to reinforce Guadalcanal with 14,500 men, equipments and suplies.
Before the landing, Henderson Field was bombarded by the battleships while Nagara patrolled around, for a possible enemy incursion. This led to the
First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
(13 November) in which two of her destroyers were sunk, Akatsuki and Yūdachi while and Hiei, Amatsukaze, Murasame and Ikazuchi were damaged. Nagara was soon framed and hit by USS San Francisco, on 5-inch (130 mm) shell killed six crewmen. Nagara escaped around Savo Island with Kirishima which had Hiei in tow, later to be sunk by Henderson Field planes as well as those from USS Enterprise and B-17s from Espiritu Santo. With her poor AA, Nagara could do little to prevent her demise.
Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa then made a sortie for Guadalcanal again, from the Shortland Islands (Chōkai, Kinugasa, Isuzu, the DDs Arashio and Asashio). They were part of Kondō's bombardment of Henderson Field. Nagara was in the screening unit, with Kirishima, Atago, Takao, plus six destroyers, and they will took part in the
second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
on 15 November. IJN Nagara and her destroyers attacked both by gunfire and torpedes, firing all their dreaded Type 93 "Long Lance" at once. More were fired, notably at USS South Dakota, but missed, destroying however the destroyers USS Preston and Walke, and Benham, later scuttled. Kirishima and Ayanami were lost, Nagara again remained unscaved and was back to Truk on 18 November.
On 20 November 1942, Nagara was Rear Admiral Takama's flagship for the 4th Destroyer Flotilla. IJN Agano replaced Nagara at the head of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla. The 4th DF was composed of three divisions, nine destroyers: The 2nd (3), 9th (2) and 27th (four). She trained with her new unit and then headed for a maintenance and refit at Maizuru. Her N°5 main gun was removed to make rom for extra AA. She made gunnery exercises off Saipan and received a rogue shell, exploding very close but making no serious damage not casulaty. She sailed to Truk for further operations on 25 January 1943. By February 1943 she participated in the evacuation of Guadalcanal and in June she transported the Yokosuka No.2 Special Naval Landing Force, occupying Nauru.
South Pacific Operations
In July 1943 she escorted the aircraft carrier IJN Jun'yō, taxiing aircraft to Kavieng in New Guinea. Nagara during the night was taking her mooring when she was hit by an Austrlian mine laid by a PBY Catalina. The smaller mine than usual made light bottom damage, under her stern, but did not prevent her from furher operations. On 20 July 1943 the 4th Destroyer Flotilla was deactivated. Nagara replaced Jintsū as flagship, Rear Admiral Shunji Isaki for the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, 2nd Fleet: Divisions 24, 27, 31, and three extra destroyers. Nagara was relieved as flagship for Noshiro (20 August 1943), reassigned to the 8th Fleet (Vice Admiral, Tomoshige Samejima). She was also back to Maizuru for a refit (see modifications). On 1 November 1943, she relieved Kashima as flagship, 4th Fleet (Vice Admiral Masami Kobayashi) and on the 14th, she assisted the towing of IJN Agano back to Truk (torpedoed by USS Skate).
On 22 November 1943 she left Truk after the Tarawa and Gilberts invasion. She arrived at Kwajalein on the 26th, attacked that day by several Grumman TBF Avenger and SBD Dauntless from TG 50.3's (USS Enterprise, Essex). She took torpedo and bomb hits but was still capable of sailing back to Japan for extensive repairs in January 1944.
She was in Maizuru Naval Arsenal throughly modified, gaining notably a new unshielded 5-in HA gun mount and two new quadruple TT banks aft and triple Type 96 25-mm AA gun mounts for a total of 22 plus Depth charge racks, Type 93 hydrophone in the bow. Now fully kitted as an escort, she left on 15 May 1944, replacing Tatsuta as flagship, 11th Destroyer Flotilla, Combined Fleet. After some retraining in home waters she departed to escort a convoy to the Ogasawara Islands (June 1944) and Okinawa (July 1944). Refitted at Yokosuka on 2 July 1944, she gained an additional ten single Type 96 25-mm for a total of 32 and a Type 22 surface-search radar.
On 7 August 1944, en route from Kagoshima to Sasebo, IJN Nagara was spotted by USS Croaker, which was in the revserse direction, but 1,300 yards when she fired a four torpedo salvo from her stern, one hitting Nagara starboard aft. Due to the extensive damage and rapid flooding, her crew could nor prevent her for sinking by the stern, off the Amakusa Islands, carrying with her captain xxx and 348 crewmen while 235 crewmen were later rescued. She was only stricken officially on 10 October.
IJN Isuzu
Isuzu rebuilt in 1944
On 10 August 1920 she was laid down at the Uraga Dock Company shipyard, second ship of the NAGARA class light cruisers as hull No. 171. From 1 September 1921 Captain Ishiwata Takenori is appointed the Chief Equipping Officer and she is launched on 29 October 1921, making builder's trials and on 10 June 1923 collides with a small trawler. She is completed on 15 August 1923 and attached to Yokosuka Naval District with Captain Ishiwata Takenori in command, until 20 November 1923, replaced by Hori Teikichi and from December 1923 after basic training she is declared apt for service and assigned to CruDiv 3, 1st Fleet, with IJN TAMA and YUBARI. On 8 March 1924 she departed Sasebo for a training cruise in Chinese waters and when back, stoppoed in Mako in the Pescadores.
Early service 1924-37
She entered the drydock on April 1924 at Yokosuka for a bridge rebuild for which is added a target survey platform at the foremast searchlight platform level. On 1 December 1924: she becomed flagship of DesRon 2, Second Fleet under Captain Matsuyama Shigeru's command. On 25 March 1925 she departed with CruDiv 5 for a training cruise to the Yangtze River. In November 1925 Captain Tamura Shigehiko took command, and on 29 March 1926 she departed Tokuyama for a training cruise to Tsingtao but on 16 October 1926 en route to Yokosuka via Osaka she ran aground in Yasuoka Bight, off Shimonoseki.
Repaired and reassigned on March 1927 to the First Dispatched Squadron with SENDAI, she is sent to patrol the Yangtze, until April 1927, to be used as TS in Yokosuka until December 1927 Captain Shizume Shizuka taked command ans is replaced on 20 August 1928 by no other than Yamamoto Isoroku, which was the former Japanese Naval Attaché to Washington. On 10 December 1928 he is replaced by Hani Rokuro and in March 1929 she Participates in Kayaba type spring-powered catapult testings. On 26 September 1929 Captain Ikenaka Kenichi takes command, replaced by Takasu Shiro and on 30 November 1929 she is reassigned to Makung Guard Unit, as a guard ship.
On December 1930 Isuzu became guard ship at Yokosuka Naval Base under command of Goto Terumichi and on 15 May 1931 she is placed in reserve at Yokosuka for refit: Her tripod foremast is reinforced as she gained an extending fire command station with a new lookout post built forward. On 14 September 1931 Horie Rokuro takes command, replaced by Aihara Aritaka on 14 November 1931, on 16 February 1932 Masaki Katsuji, 20 June 1932 Yamada Seizo until her new refit from 24 September-1 December 1932 at Yokosuka Navy Yard. The bridge structure is extended, AA increased and the old 6.5-mm MGs replaced by Lewis type 7.7-mm.
From 15 November 1932 Yamaguchi Minoru takes command and from 1st December she is reassigned to the Mako Guard Unit as a guard ship but participated later in the search of survivors from the lost destroyer IJN SAWARABI, finding and rescuing 14 officers and men. She then departs for the south China coast, based at Formosa, patrolling in December 1932-August 1933 and from 29 August 1933 to 17 February 1934 she is refitted again at Yokosuka Navy Yard. with her pole mainmast replaced by a tripod, supporting a Sperry type 90-cm searchlight. She also received a Kure Type No. 2 Mod. 3 catapult to launch her Nakajima E4N2 Type 90 floatplane. On 1st November she is assigned to CruDiv 7, First Fleet as flagship and on 15 November 1933 Yamada Mitsuru taked command.
From 30 October 1934 to 15 January 1935 she is refitted at Kure Navy Yard, with topside fittings reduced, ballast added for stability, radio equipment modernized, mixed-firing boilers converted to oil-firing only, and on 15 November 1934 Makita Kakusaburo takes command, as she is placed in reserve at Yokosuka Guard Squadron. Chiba Keizo succeeded him, then Hara Kenzaburo, and Matsunaga Sadaichi.
Isuzu in the Sino-Japanese war 1937-39
From 1st December 1936, she takes the head of SubRon 1, First Fleet under command of Yamaguchi Tamon. On 20-23 August 1937 she was flagship of ComSubRon 1 (Rear Admiral Komatsu Teruhisa), and joined BatDiv 1 (NAGATO, MUTSU), BatDiv 3 (HARUNA and KIRISHIMA) escorting troopships of the IJA (11th Division) from Tadotsu to Shanghai and the battle developing there, as the 2nd Sino-Japanese war breaks out. On 25 August 1937 she was back Sasebo, but departed for another escort run on 17 September, and patrolling southern Chinese waters until stopping at Mako on October 1937.
From 1st December 1937 Captain Nakamura Motoji taked command and on 1st 1 March 1938 she is refitted at Yokosuka, having AA modifications and four 90-cm Sperry type searclights replaced by three 110-cm Type 92s. It is over on January 1939 and after training in home waters on 20 November 1938 Captain Hashimoto Aiji takes command. From 15 November 1939 she became flagship of SubRon 2, Second Fleet and latter Tsuruoka Nobumichi is appointed while in March the next year, she departs Nakagusuku Bay in Okinawa, to patrol in southern Chinese waters, arriving in Takao, Formosa, her operating base on 2 April 1940. On 25 August 1940 she departed for her first patrol, unti back in September to Yokosuka, while in November her unit is reassigned to the Sixth Fleet.
On 1st September 1941 Captain Ura Koichi takes command and she is reassigned to 15th Escort Squadron (Vice Admiral Hara Kiyoshi), to escort the Second China Expeditionary Fleet, with the gunboats HASHIDATE and SAGA, the TBs HIYODORI and KASASAGI. From 16 September 1941 she takes part of a naval blockade of southern Chinese coast and on December 1941 departed Amoy to participate in the anticipated
invasion of Hong Kong
, Operation "C" taking plane on 7 December.
Isuzu in WW2
Isuzu remained in Hong Kong until April 1942 after the city fells, and was briefly back in Mako to escort troopships for the Japanese 25th Army to Singora in Thailand, and Camranh Bay in French Indochina. After her unit is dissolved, in April, Isuzu is reassigned under Rear Admiral Kenzaburo Hara's CruDiv 16, assigned to Vice Admiral Ibō Takahashi's 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet, joined by IJN Natori and Kinu. She then patrolled the Dutch East Indies from Makassar in the Celebes to Balikpapan in Borneo and Surabaya as flagship of CruDiv 16 in May. On 28 June she is back to Yokosuka for and overhaul, after which she departs to take part in the
Banda Sea Operation
(26 July 1942) covering landings of the Tanimbar Islands. In August, 1942, Isuzu is sent to the Indian Ocean, patrolling between Singapore, Mergui, Burma, Sabang Harbor, Sumatra and Penang in Malaya and on 24 August, sent back to Makassar to participated in the Solomons campaign.
On 16 September 1942, she sailed with Kinu, escorting transports under overall commnd of Lieutenant General Masao Maruyama's (2nd Infantry Division) from Batavia, redeployed to the Solomon Islands. Off Shortland, Isuzu is ordered to Truk, replacing IJN Jintsu as flagship (Rear Admiral Raizo Tanaka), taking charge of DesRon 2 (DesDivs 15, 24, 31, nine destroyers). On 11–12 October 1942 she escort DesDiv 31 to Guadalcanal, with battleships, aircraft carriers Jun'yō, CruDiv 4 and CruDiv 5, providing cover with DesDiv 15 and 31; She fired on USMC fortifications on Tulagi, close to Henderson Field.
On 24–25 October 1942, she taks part in the
Battle of Santa Cruz
, renaming undamaged. On 3–5 November 1942, she escort troopships for the 38th Infantry Division in Shortland, and soon participated in the
second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
, just having near-misses from SBD Dauntless but this cuased floosing, loosing her No. 3 boiler room. Assisted later by Asashio she is back to Shortland for emergency repairs from IJN Yamabiko Maru, enough for complementary ones in Truk (20 November 1942) and Yokosuka (14 December) for the remainder.
There, she also received her Type 21 air-search radar and AA and TTs modifications. On 1 April 1943 she was assigned to CruDiv 14 (Rear Admiral Kenzo Ito), sailing with IJN Naka. Departing on 21 May 1943, with supplies and troops for Truk she arrives on 21 June 1943, assigned to ferry more troops to garrison Nauru Island (25 June). From Truk she is recalled to Tokushima, ferrying troops to Shanghai. On 23 October 1943 she is ambushed in the East China Sea by USS Shad. The latter fired all ten torpedoe, which all "missed".
Isuzu is back to 28 October 1943, assigned to an escort for Kavieng in New Ireland, attacked 60 miles (97 km) north by USAAF's (13th Air Force) B-24 Liberators. But she emerged unscaved of the carpet bombing, and is however damaged later by a mine laid by the submarine USS Silversides. Hull damage disabled two gun mounts, forcing her back to Rabaul for repairs. She was there on 5 November 1943 during the famous raid of Task Force 38. They only strafed Isuzu, which escaped major damage.
Attention focus back to the south pacific, Operations in South Pacific and on 20 November she is informed of the USN launching "Operation Galvanic" (Gilbert Islands), so she is ordered to ferry troops from Ponape to Kwajalein and Mili. While underway off Roi on 5 December she is taken as target by a squadron of Douglas SBD Dauntless and Grumman TBF Avenger (TG 50.1, USS Yorktown, Lexington). Sheis damaged but suvived, having mostly near-misses and is repaired at Kwajalein, Truk, and then Yokosuka (from 17 January 1944).
There, the admiralty decide to convert her fully into an escort anti-aircraft cruiser, at Mitsubishi. On 20 August 1944 when completed, she became flagship of Rear Admiral Heitaro Edo, CruDiv 31, an antisubmarine unit. The cruiser train heavily with new recruits until declared combat ready on 14 September 1944. She then departs for the Philippines, soon taking part in the
Battle of Leyte Gulf
as part of the Northern Mobile ("Decoy") Force. Her former E7K2 floatplane was sent to Palau.
Battle off Cape Engaño
on 25-26 October saw her attacked by Halsey's TBM-1C from VT-21, TG 38.4's (USS Belleau Wood) VT-51 (USS San Jacinto) which badly damaged IJN Chitose. Isuzu tried to take her in tow but she sank and the cruiser next rescued 480 survivors. She also tried to cover IJN Chiyoda, damaged by the Lexington and Franklin until four US cruisers, nine destroyers are spotted in hort pursuit. Chiyoda is sunk with all hands, Isuzu picking up a few survivors before fleeing the scene, under fire. She received a few hit, killing 13.
Back to Okinawa on 27 October 1944, then Kure, Isuzu is assigned to a dangerous transport run to Manila and Brunei. On 19 November 1944 she was potted 55 miles (89 km) west of Corregidor when ambushed by USS Hake. Of six torpedoes launched, she is hit by one. Her stern was blasted away and she lost her rudder. Nevertheless, her crew did wonders repairing her at sea enough for her to limp into Singapore for temporary repairs, before transferred to Surabaya dock, on 10 December 1944. She left the docks on 4 April 1945, to transport and escort an army detachment from Kupang to Sumbawa.
She was spotted by the subs USS Chad, Besugo and Gabila, later joined by HMS Spark and attacked on 6 April 1945 north of Sumbawa, by ten alerted B-25 Mitchell (No. 18 Squadron RAAF, Batchelor Airfield, Darwin). She is near-missed and slightly damaged (starboard bow), and succeed in her mission on 6 April, landed troops at Bima Bay. Withdrawing near Flores she is then targeted by B-24 Liberator bombers (No. 21, No. 24 Squadrons RAAF from Australia). Two are shot down by fighters, and she escape the carpet bombing unscaved by her bow damaged by near misses.
She is then ambushed on the 6th between Sumbawa and Komodo Islands by USS Besugo. Nine torpedoes are launched by missed, although one struck a Japanese minesweeper. On 7 April 1945, she is ambushed 60 miles NW of Bima by USS Gabilan. She launched five, and hit once. The torpedo struck portside at the bridge's section. Massive flooding forward followed, and she is unable to steam beyond 10 knots (19 km/h), listing and eventually settling by the bow, dead in the water. Her crew frantically tried emergency repairs when USS Charr (LtCdr Herman E. Miller), informed, arrived at the scene and fired four torpedoes. Isuzu is struck portside by two more torpedoes, flooding instanty her aft engine room. Two more torpedoes are fired frol closer, broking her bow completely. Order was given to abandon ship and she sank, witnessed by USS Spark, Captain Matsuda and 450 crewmen being rescued by the submarine, while 190 went down. The same day Yamato was sunk while attempting to reach Okinawa. Isuzu was officially stricken on 20 June 1945.
IJN Natori
IJN Natori in 1922 off Nagasaki
IJN Natori's early carrier
Natori (名取), was completed at (Mitsubishi) Nagasaki shipyard, on 15 September 1922 and after commissioning starting her patrols off the China coast. From there, under command of Captain Soejima Keiichi she started her training cruise in home waters. In November 1922 Morita Minoru became her new captain, followed by Ogura Taizo (1923), Inoue Shiro (1924) Kashima Tsugitaro (1925), Mizushiro Keiji (1926), Matsumoto Chuza and in 1927 Captain Tsuda Takehiko, Arichi Jugoro, Higurashi Toshiu (1928) Sada Kenichi, Oyama Yoshiro (1929) Miki Taichi (1930), Hoshino Kurakichi (1931), Sakabe Seizo, Goto Terumichi (1932), Matsuki Masukich, Matsuura Eijiro (1933), Kishi Fukuji (1934), Okamura Masao (1935), and Nakahara Yoshimasa (1939).
From 1938, Natori was based in Formosa, helping to cover landings in southern China. Present oon board from 10 November 1937 Captain Nakao Hachiro is replaced on 5 December 1938 by Aruga Takeo and on 15 November 1939 by Matsubara Kanzo. On 15 November 1940 Yamazumi Teijiro takes command, while the border dispute between Siam and French Indochina became a full scale war. Despite a clear-cit Frencj naval victory at Kho-Chang, on land, Siamsed troops gained a considerable foothold, until a Japanese-sponsored "Conference for the Cessation of Hostilities" held at Saigon enabled a cease-fire, signed aboard IJN Natori on January 31, 1941.
On 26 November 1941, IJN Natori was appinted as flagship, Rear Admiral Kenzaburo Hara DesRon 5, under overall command of the 3rd fleet (Vice Admiral Ibo Takahashi). She is reassigned to the No.1 "Surprise Attack Unit" to the conquest of the Philippines.
Natori at the battle of Sunda Strait
On December, 7, Natori escorted six transports (48th Infantry Division) from Mako to Aparri in northern Luzon. She covered the landing force, bombed by three USAAF B-17 bombers (14th Squadron) on 10 December 1941. Natori and Harukaze are damaged by the blast and shrapnel of near misses. She was repaired at Mako, and she was back, ferrying 27 transports (47th Infantry Regiment, from the 48th Infantry Division) and the 4th Tank Regiment. They were landed at the Lingayen Gulf later this month.
On 26 December 1941 IJN Natori is reassigned to second Escort Unit together with IJN Kashii. She carried out the escot of 43 transports, for Malaya invasion, bound to Singora. During the Dutch east indies, while covering the invasion force she participated in the Battle of Sunda Strait, on 28 February 1942. She sailed with destroyers from DesDiv 5, 11, 12, 27 and CruDiv 7 (Mikuma and Mogami) deployed off the landing areas. USS Houston, HMAS Perth bound for Tjilatjap went through the Sunda Strait, spotted and attacked troop transports defended by IJN Harukaze, Hatakaze and Fubuki. They thrown smoke to mask them and IJN Fubuki made a torpedo charge towards both cruisers, missing them.
IJN Natori and destroyers arrived at the scene, screening Mogami, Mikuma and Shikinami. Natori charged ahead with Hatsuyuki and Shirayuki, opening fire at a close, torpedo range. At 23:08, the Allied cruisers turned northeast, shadowed by Natori, to the southeast in three columns. At around 23:19 they launched 28 torpedoes, but missed, whereas Perth managed to hit Harukaze and Shirayuki. Soon, Mikuma and Mogami fired their "Long Lance" torpedoes from 9,300 yards (8,500 m) while opening fire, from 12,000 yards, using the closer Destroyer's searchlights on Perth. At 23:27, Mogami fired six torpedoes at Houston, missing them, but hitting Army transports with the 16th Army onboard.
Harukaze and Hatakaze launched torpedoes, then Shirakumo and Murakumo, for a grand total combined of 90 torpedoes and Perth took the first torpedo hit, then two more and sank 3 nautical miles NE of St. Nicholas Point, after a fourth torpedo hit, followed by USS Houston.
Pacific Operations 1942-43
On 10 March 1942, IJN Natori joined CruDiv 16, with her sister ship Nagara. She took part in the
Battle of Christmas Island
, and on 1 April 1942, but she was torpedoed on her way back by USS Seawolf (firing three torpedoes, missing). IJN Naka was however hit near her No.1 boile, later towed back to Bantam Bay by IJN Natori. In April, she started to patrol of the Java Sea, also in May and June. She was later refitted in Maizuru, and operated aftwards in Java Sea, Timor Sea until late December 1942. She was frequently based or resupplied at Mergui and Penang (Burma) but also Singapore and Davao.
On 21 December 1942, Natori led a Special Naval Landing Force bound to Hollandia in New Guinea. She covered the landing and retreated back with the troopships. On 9 January 1943, while en route for another mission, she was spotted and then ambushed, 18 nautical miles southeast of Ambon by USS Tautog. At 3,000 yards the USN fleet sub fired two torpedoes, and hit Natori in her stern, which broke off with the rudder. Natori however managed to manoeuver with her shafts, underway at reduced speed, and USS Tautog fired two more torpedoes, but they either missed or were duds and Natori managed to escape.
On 21 January 1943 Natori was stationed in Ambon, for rest and resplenishing when she was attacked by B-24 bombers from the 90th Bomb Group's, 319th Bomb Squadron. She was damaged by a near-miss starboard side: The 500 lb (230 kg) bomb buckled plates open, caused flooding to the No.2 boiler room. Emergency repairs were done and she departed for Makassar, and then Seletar Naval Base in Singapore where there was a drydock for her. Repairs under partially on 24 May 1943, but she was sent to Japan to complete it while modernizing her. At Maizuru two turrets, catapult and aicraft were removed for extra AA and modern radars and hydrophones in her bow. It was complete on 1 April 1944 and Natori became flagship for the Central Pacific Fleet's DesRon 3.
Philippines Campaign 1944
On 5 June 1944, after some intensive training, she carried an IJA detachment from Kure to Davao in the island of Mindanao, Philippines, disembarked them and embarked other troops for Palau (she arrived on 17 June, just before the Battle of the Philippine Sea). IJN Natori was stationed in Davao as guard ship, taking no part in it. On 20 July 1944 while underway she was spotted off Davao by USS Bluegill. She gaine a good firing position but missed. Natori was in Palau on 21 July 1944, evacuating 800 Japanese and Korean "comfort women" to Davao.
On 18 August 1944 she escorted the transport T.3 to Palau when at 200 nautical miles east of Samar, the convoy was spotted by USS Hardhead, east of San Bernardino Strait. Believing Natori was a battleship she closed in for a surface attack, fired a first salvo of five Mark 23 torpedoes from 2,800 yards. On hit the cruiser's port boiler room. Flooding was instantaneous and she stopped dead in the water. Soon after she received another hit starboard amidships, a second salvo of four Mark 18 torpedoes. This was enough to completely flood her to the waterline and naturally she lost balanced, listed and capsized, sinking at 07:04 with 330 crewmen (and Captain Kubota).
IJN Uranami and Kiyoshimo, part of the escort, managed to rescued 194 survivors. USS Stingray later escued 4 more survivors in a rubber raft. On 12 September 1944 the last alived survivors in a lifeboat were picked up by the destroyer USS Marshall. It is possible that three more cutters (180 survivors) managed to reached after 13 days of rowing a Japanese torpedo-boat station NE of Mindanao, close to Surigao. She was stricken on 10 October.
IJN Yura
IJN Yura 1920s
Yura was laid down on 21 May 1921, launched 15 February 1922, completed in Sasebo, on 20 March 1923, then trained intensively in 1924-26 (unknown captain). From November 1926 Toyoda Soemu assumes command, then Otagaki Tomisaburo in 1928, Wada Senzo (1929), Tanimoto Umataro (1931). On 4 February 1932 she sailed with IJN NAKA and ABUKUMA for her first war mission: Shelling the batteries of Wusong Fort near Shanghai. The was still was not official. On 13 February with YUBARI she covered the 9th Division attacks of Wusong Fort, until it is taken. The shelling caused minor structural damage highlighting the need to reinforce their light hulls. She tested new systems: In 1930, aircraft catapults (in front of her bridge), in 1933-34 a rotating catapult amidships and new mainmast type for an aircraft derrick. Yura has been deployed to Shanghai already in early 1932 (Captain Mataro Tanimoto was in command since December 1932, then Rokuzō Sugiyama until November 1933, patrolling the Chinese coast and escorting troopships under Wakabayashi Seisaku.
On 7 July 1937 Yura is mobilized during the Marco Polo Bridge Incident over the Hun River, Lukuokiao in China. This is the start of an undeclared war on China begins. She covered landings of Japanese troops in northern China. From 11 August 1937, she is placed under Rear Admiral Chuichi Nagumo in the 8th Cruiser Division (with NATORI, KINU) and Vice Admiral Kiyoshi Hasegawa, Third Fleet for the first landings at Shanghai. The Third Fleet is assigned full oversee of all operations in China for the IJN. From 15 November 1938 Ichioka Hisashi took command and on 1 September 1941, Captain Miyoshi Teruhiko, as she becomes flagship for Rear Admiral Tadashige Daigo, SubRon 5.
She is prepared soon for war this time against the US. On 26 November 1941 she departs Sasebo for Palau with SubRon 5 and SubDiv 29 (I-62 and I-64). SubRon 5 is diverted to the Malay Force (South Area Force) covering the attack on Samah harbor in the Hainan Island, then in Occupied China. On 2 December 1941 Operation “Z” (Sakusen Z) is started and "Niitakayama nobore 1208" is received from the Combined Fleet, now setting the date of 8 December for the attack. On 3 December Yura was in Samah with SubRon 5, departing two days later to cover the first wave of the Malaya Invasion Force (with ComSubRon 5).
Early Pacific Operations
After covering the the Malayan Invasion at the Cape of Camau in French Indochina, on 9 December 1941, Yura was dispatched in a wild hunt for Royal Navy's Tom Philipps "Force Z",
HMS Prince of Wales
and
Repulse
escorted by destroyers. Yura was warned by the spotter sub I-65 that the British were close, but due to garbled communications, location was unclear. In between, Force Z was targeted by waves of torpedo bombers (IJN's 22nd Air Flotilla from Indochina) and sunk. Yura and her submarines were too far away to act.
Later she is assigned to the
invasion of Sarawak
, planned for 13–26 December 1941, and covered the landings at Brunei, Miri, Seria, and Kuching. The Kawaguchi Detachment and N°2 Yokosuka Special Naval Landing Force captured Miri airfield and associated oil fields, crucial for next operations. Yura departed back to Camranh Bay and spent the rest of the year there. She was mobilized in February, to join again Vice Admiral Ibō Takahashi's Third Fleet and aprticipated in the
invasion of Sumatra
, covering landings at Palembang, Banka Island, Bantam Bay and Merak, on Java Island.
IJN Yura camouflaged, 1938
On 1 March 1942, she is spotted and attacked by the Dutch submarine HNLMS K XIV; Two torpedoes are fired from 2500–3000 meters but missed (or duds). Destroyers soon depth charges her but she escaped via Sunda Strait and reached Colombo in Ceylon. On 4 March 1942, Yura rescued the crew of tanker Erimo previously sunk by USS S-39. On 6 March she is assigned to No. 1 Escort Unit, covering more troop landings in Sumatra, then Andaman Islands.
In April 1942, IJN Yura joined the large raiding fleet assembled for the Indian Ocean Operation (Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa, Second Expeditionary Fleet). IJN Yura sails with Ayanami, Yūgiri, Asagiri, and Shiokaze from Mergui, crossed the Bay of Bengal, soon joining IJN Chōkai, Suzuya, Kumano, Mikuma and Mogam, and the light carrier IJN Ryūjō. Thsy started to prey on merchant shipping in the region and on 6, some 14 miles (23 km) east of Kalingapatnam (Bay of Bengal), Yura and Yūgiri spotted, catch and shelled until sunk, the Dutch merchantman Batavia bound to Karachi. Next, they sank the Dutch Banjoewangi, the British steamer Taksang. Shot of ammunition and fuel, Yura retires to Sasebo for a refit.
On 10 May 1942 IJN Yura was flagship, Rear Admiral Shōji Nishimura DesRon 4. At Midway she joined the DesDiv 3 (Captain Ranji Oe) and DesDiv 9 (Captain Yasuo Satō). They were all under overall command of Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō but only screen the fleet which was never engaged in the battle. Meanwhile, the Kidu Butai is devastated and Yamamoto decided not to pursue the Americans.
On 7 August 1942, "Operation Watchtower" commence as the 1st Marine Division lands on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. IJN Yura was in Truk (Kondō's 2nd Fleet) as cover for the reinforcements. She took therefore part in the
Battle of the Eastern Solomons
seeing Ryūjō sunk and Chitose damaged, but she was unscathed, back to Truk on 5 September. She then patrolled between Truk and the Shortland Islands and on 25 September off the latter, she was carpet-bombed by two Boeing B-17 bombers (USAAF 11th Bomb Group, Espiritu Santo) and took light splinter damage by near-misses.
On 11 October 1942 during another sortie she was ambushed by the submarine USS Sculpin. The latter fired and claimed a torpedo hit forward, but post-war records are not confirming it. The cruiser was not repaired afterwards anyway, so it was likely a dud. On 12 October she departed Shortland with the seaplane tenders Nisshin and Chitose after their raid on Guadalcanal. On the 14th she covered the landing of 1,100 troops on Cape Esperance in Guadalcanal. She was also part of the "Tokyo Express" run of 17 October (2,100 troops and field artillery, anti-tank guns).
On the 18th Yura is ambushed by USS Grampus (off Choiseul Island) as the latter fired four Mark 14 Torpedoes, making just a dud (and dent) on her port side. On the 24th she left her base in Shortland for Guadalcanal (No.2 Attack Unit, Rear Admiral Tamotsu Takama -flagship Akizuki-) with the destroyers Harusame, Murasame and Yūdachi. They arrived at the north entrance, Indispensable Strait a day after, just before the
Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
that she missed.
Later she led her attack group off Santa Isabel Island when attacked by five
SBD Dauntless
(VS-71), struck aft by two bombs, close to the engine room. Flooding was extensive and she eventually settled by the stern but her crew managed to contain the flooding and she was still able to steam away with her remaining boiler rooms.
Vice Admiral Mikawa (Eighth Fleet), when informed cancelled Takama's operation. While No. 2 Attack Unit went back to Shortland, with Yura limping behind, she was attacked by three USAAF P-39 Airacobras and four SBD, but they missed to cause a more fatal damage. Captain Shiro Sato upon ariral tried to beach IJN Yura when she was attacked by four SBDs escorted by three
F4F Wildcats
, four P-39s. straddled, but not fatally, and later by six USAAF B-17s from Espiritu Santo. They put Yura ablaze, crippled, and at 18:30 the captain ordered to abandon ship, and ordered the destroyers Harusame and Yūdachi to have her scuttled by torpedoes. After she broke in two, her stern was still floating around 19:00, when sunk by gunfire off Savo Island (by Yudachi) and Yura was striken on 20 November 1942.
IJN Kinu
Japanese cruiser Kinu in 1931
IJN Kinu (鬼怒) Kinu was built, and completed on 10 November 1922 at Kawasaki, Kobe. She was under command of Captain Koshirō Oikawa in 1923-1924. Soon after her sea trials, she returned to the drydock to replace of all her four defective Gihon steam turbins. Repairs needed to have her gutted so it took until May 1924. Nothing much happened bedore 1934, with her home training routine, visits to nearby port, including in China and Port Arthur, Tsingtao, and until 1935 she served as training vessel under command of Captain Shigeyoshi Miwa. She made a tour of duty during the Second Sino-Japanese War, supporting landings in central and southern China, patrolled Chinese waters until 1938.
In 1938-40, nothing much happened, but on 20 November 1941, she became flagship, Rear Admiral Setsuzo Yoshitomi for SubRon 4. The latter was based at Iwakuni in Yamaguchi province and also comprised SubDiv 18 (
I-53, I-54, I-55
), and SubDiv 19 (I-56, I-57, I-58). She moved later to Hainan to cover further landings planned in searly December, for the invasion of British Malaya
WW2 the hunt for Force Z
On 9 December 1941, I-65 spotted and reported Force Z underway, received by Kinu and Yura via the long-range 81st Naval Communications Unit in Saigon. Reception was poor however and location could not be pintpoins so confirmation was asked for. After 90 minutes of decoding and relaying Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's message from Chōkai, Kinu and Yura started to head in the "suppose general direction" of the last spot, but they wanted confirmation, and a second report from I-65 was blurred by the closing by of IJN Kinu's own Kawanishi E7K "Alf", its pilot mistaking her for an allied submarine and making a close flyby. Force Z nevertheless was located again the following day and finished off by a massive IJN aviation attack.
Invasion of Malaya and Dutch East Indies
On 13 December 1941 Kinu departed Cam Ranh Bay, teaming with IJN Chōkai, Mogami and Mikuma, the Hatsuyuki and Shirayuki to offer protection for the invasion force bound to land at Kuantan in Malaya. Next on 17–24 December, she covered landings in Brunei, but also in nearby Sarawak, securing the assault of the "Kawaguchi Detachment" and the No.2 SNLF on Miri. Once completed, she returned to Cam Ranh Bay but was mobilized again in March 1942.
She covered next other landings in Malaya, Sarawak and Java but her convoy was caught in the Java Sea, west of Surabaya. The British launched at them their old Vickers Vildebeest biplanes, protected by 15 ANZAC fighters. IJN Kinu was straddled by near-misses. They made little damage by snrapnel but killed three crewmen. On the 2th, the cruiser was attacked again, north of Surabaya, this tme ambushed by the wintage WWI USS S-38, launching four torpedoes which missed. From the 10th she joined to Sentai-16 in Makassar, then in Ambon.
New Guinea campaign
From 29 March she assigned to "N" Expeditionary Force (Fujita) setup for the invasion of Dutch New Guinea. She joined a combined force with IJN Chitose, Yukikaze, Tokitsukaze, Tomozuru, Hatsukari and several troopships. This operaton ended in late April and she was back in Ambon. By late May, Kinu returned home, drydocked for short maintenance and modernization at Kure Naval Arsenal. When back she was sent to patrol waters of the Java Sea in June-September.
On 13 September 1942, she carried reinforcement for the Solomons (2nd Infantry Division from Batavia) with Isuzu, landed at Shortland Island, and Bougainville in late September 1942. She then patrolled the Timor Sea, eastern Dutch East Indies until the end of the year and January 1943. On the 21th, she proceeded to Makassar to assist Natori, adly damaged by near-misses from B-24 bombers, at Amboina harbor, Ambon. She escorted her back to Singapore's drydock and returned to her patrol routine off Makassar in June 1943, resupplying and carrying troops to New Guinea.
On 23 June 1943 she crossed the Makassar Roads with Kuma, dropping anchor at Juliana Quay, near Ōi and Kitakami when they were bombed by 17 B-24 (319th Squadron/90th Bomb Group, 5th Air Force). No hit was recorded, but all were straddled and badly shaken by near-misses. There was light damage and injuries only. Afterwards, Kinu returned to Japan for a major overhaul, arriving on 2 August in Kure. She was out on 14 October 1943, departing to Singapore with troops and supplies. She patrolled between there, Malacca, Penang, Batavia until January 1944.
On 23 January 1944, she departed with Aoba, Ōi, Kitakami, Shikinami to escort troop transports from Singapore to Port Blair in the Andaman Islands. Underway back to Singapore IJN Kinu towed the torpedoed IJN Kitakami to safety. She then patrolled the western Dutch East Indies and in April made another escort from Saipan, via Palau, to the Celebes, and the Dutch East Indies at large. On 27 May 1944 "Operation Horlicks" (Biak) had Kinu, Aoba, and three destroyers scambled to meet the US fleet, departing Tarakan and heading for Biak with 2,300 troops onboard. Sighted by B-24s, they were however ordered back due to the invasion of Saipan taking place instead and their troops were disembarked at Sorong.
On 6 June 1944, she was off Weigo Island in New Guinea with Aoba when near-missed by a raid of B-24 bombers (5th AF, 380th Group). After remaining on station, she resumed patrolling the western Dutch East Indies until August 1944, missing the June battle in the philippines.
Philippines Campaign
On 25 September 1944 as "Operation Sho-I-Go" took place, Kinu, still teaming with Aoba and IJN Uranami were placed under orderes of Kurita's First Raiding Force. On 11 October 1944 however, Aoba collided with Kinu whe training off Lingga. Damage was light and did not impaired them. On 21 October as part of Sentai-16 she was sent to assist Kurita's Force escorting a Southwest-bound transport fleet with 2,500 IJA soldiers (41st Regiment) to Ormoc on Leyte.
Sspotted en route by USS Bream on the 23th, the latter fired six torpedoes and Aoba was hot and badly flloded. Rear Admiral Sakonjo transferred his flag to IJN Kinu, and the latter tried to tow Aoba to Cavite where there was a usable drydock near Manila. As the passed off Cagayan the 24th, they were attacked Task Group 38.3 (USS Essex and Lexington) and straddled by near-misses, while the Hellcat's strafing killed 47 crewmen (and Uranami). Despite of this, all there reached Cavite the following day.
Upon arrival they prepared for an ucoming assault, escorting the naval transports T.6, T.9 and T.10 (350 troops each), T.101 and T.102 (400), while Kinu herself took onboard 347 men, Uranami 150. The following day they were spotted in the Visayan Sea and attacked by a massive force from TG 77.4, made of escort carriers. TBM Avengers from USS Natoma Bay and FM-2 Wildcat (USS Marcus Island) thrown everything from bombs, rockets and strafingattacks. They hits Kinu and Uranami, but the latter went on. A single Avenger from USS Manila Bayhowever made two direct bomb hits on IJN Kinu, already devastated by rocket. The latter claimed alone Uranami, badly burned, which sank around noon. At 11:30, Kinu was attacked by two more waves, and soon took a thord bomb hit, on the aft engine room. On fire and dead on the water, her captain ordered to abandon ship, the nearby transports rescuing most of her crew (813 men, including Captain Harumi Kawasaki). At 17:30 Kinu sank by the stern in shallow waters southwest of Masbate, stricken on 20 December 1944.
IJN Abukuma
Abukuma_c1941
Abukuma (阿武隈) was built at the Uraga Dock, laid down on 8 December 1921, launched on 16 March 1923, commissioned on 26 May 1925, the last of the class by far. Commission indeed was delayed due to the Great Kantō earthquake. From November 1927 her fist active captain was Teijirō Toyoda. She was first commanded by Tokuda Inosuke as Chief Equipping Officer, then CO, the replaced by Otani Shiro, and Nagai Minoru.
Interwar service:
On 20 October 1930, she had an accident during a large-scale fleet maneuver: She rammed the cruiser Kitakami, stricken her between her No.2 and No.3 funnels. However damage was moderate on Kitakami while Abukuma had her bow smashed and was unable to continue steaming, due to the risk of flooding by the bow. She was towed by the
IJN Mutsu
to Tateyama in Chiba prefecture, and then headed for Yokosuka Naval Arsenal, still towed, but by tugboats. She was first repaired with a temporary bow on 22 November 1930, and headed for Kure naval arsenal to have her permament bow, slightly different than other ships as design progressed in between. Sendai cruisers, the last of the 1920s "classics" and "four pipers" indeed all had a slightly different designed bow, still with icebreaking features under the waterline, but a clipper end for better seakeeping. Abukuma had the same. Work ended on 30 December 1931 and until November 1932, she served under Captain Seiichi Iwamura.
In 1932, she was assigned to the Third Fleet, sent patrolling off the coast of northern China, after the Manchurian Incident (Marco Polo bridge). From 1933 and 1938 she received several upgrades. Her most famous interwar captain was between november 1934 and November 1935, Takeo Kurita.
IJN Abukuma then was assigned to convoy escort duties like her sister ships, notably committed during the
Battle of Shanghai
in 1937. She also assisted troops by providing gunfire. She remained on station and resumed patrols along the coast, also making incursions in the Yangtze River, deep enough thanks to her shallow draft. It went on throughout 1938.
WW2 Operations:
IJn Abukuma was ordered to Hitokappu Bay, and then to Etorofu in the Kurile Islands, on 26 November 1941. Under overall command of Nagumo's Carrier Striking Force she was flagship, Rear Admiral Sentarō Ōmori DesRon1 (Shiranui, Arare, Kagerō, Kasumi, Tanikaze, Hamakaze, Isokaze, Urakaze) tasked of anti-submarine escort for the Kiduo Butai for the attack of Pearl Harbor. Afterwards, IJN Abukuma returned to Japan and a a hero's welcome, on 23 December.
By January 1942, DesRon1 escorted the invasion force to Rabaul in New Britain and Kavieng in New Ireland, and afterwards joined her new operating base, Truk. By February, DesRon1 screen the Kido Butai when trying to catch Halsey TF 8 (USS Enterprise) after the raid on Kwajalein and Wotje (Marshalls). IJN Abukuma then escorted to Palau the Carrier Striking Force, and from there, screen the carriers into their raid on Port Darwin, Australia.
Late February and April saw DesRon1 supporting the raids on Java, the the Idian Ocean operations against Colombo and Trincomalee, seeing the destruction of HMS Hermes and two cruisers. They were based at Singapore from 11 April. But in May she was ordered north (Northern Force, Admiral Boshirō Hosogaya) as escort to IJN Ryūjō and Jun'yō, for the Attu and Kiska landings, which developed into the
Battle of the Aleutian Islands
.
Aleutian Operations:
This summer, DesRon1 was back to Japan, escorting a convoy of reinforcements for the Aleutians. Patrolling Aleutian and Kurile waters aside, DesRon1 escorted three more convoys in the Aleutians until December 1942. Back to Sasebo for a refit (12 December) which spanned until January, the cruiser sailed again northwards, in escort of more convoys to Attu and Kiska, one in January, one in February and one in March 1943. Then she took part at this occasion to the
Battle of the Komandorski Islands
, on 26 March 1943. She had the occasion of firing 95 rounds and four torpedoes but remained undamaged, but she assisted Nachi, badly damaged. This battle was a US tactical vistory (paid cash) in denying the Fifth Fleet to reinforce the Aleutians. Vice Admiral Hosogaya was disgraced after his withdrawal.
In April-May 1943, IJN Abukuma was in refit at Maizuru noyably fitted with an arir-surveillance radar) and thus missed "Operation Landcrab", the US recapture of Attu. By July 1943 Abukuma led DesRon1 again in support, but this time for the evacuation of Kiska. On 26 July she collided with the frighter kaibokan Kunashiri, her starboard quarter was buckled inwards but nothing more. On 12 September she was sailing off Paramushiro when attacked by B-24 and B-25 Mitchell bombers, but just near-missed. In drydock at Yokosuka in October-November 1943 she was futher modernized and sent afterwards to patrol in December Hokkaidō and the Kurile islands, making ASW sorties for six months, until June.
Philippines Campaign:
From 21 June 1944 she underwent a last modernization at Yokosuka, until 13 July 1944, making her a specialized AA cruiser. She missed therefore the Battle of the Philippines sea, and remained in home waters until mid-October 1944, reassigned to operate a raid against a US fleet located off Taiwan, and re-directed from Mako to Manila, reporting to Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura. IJN Abukuma made a decisive sortie with Nachi, Ashigara her destroyers under Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima, which was caught underway on 15–22 October by six different US subs.
Only one was in a good position to fire, USS Seadragon. The flotilla was caught at 19 knots, zigzagging in the Luzon Strait on 22 October, and Seadragon missed. However soon the situation evolved and Abukuma was part of the Battle of Surigao Strait (Battle of Leyte Gulf), on 25 October 1944, pre-dawn, Shima's force entered the strait, and Abukuma's screening flotilla was immediately attacked by a squadron of American PT boats. PT-137 at 03:25 fired on a destroyer but the torpedo passed under, to strike IJN Abukuma behind. The torpedo struck No. 1 boiler room, killing 37 and she was disabled enough to fell behind. Emergency repairs allowed her to be underway again at 20 knits at 04:45 but she missed the action. At 05:35, she met the flotilla, but heavily flooded, down at the bow, Shima ordered her to retire at 08:30 for repairs in Dapitan, escorted by Ushio.
On 26 October, after superficial repairs at Dapitan she headed for Coron in Palawan, when spotted, and attacked by B-24 Liberator (5th Group, 13th AF). 500 lb (227 kg) bombs rained and she only experienced near-misses until at 10:06, she took a direct hit. The bomb struck near No.3 main Gun Mount, followed by two more at 10:20 (second wave, 33rd Sqn, 22nd Gpe, 5th AF). Her entire aft section was in fire, spreading to the engine rooms and aft torpedo rooms. Speed decreased until she was almost dead in the water. As fire rages at 10:37, four Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes exploded, breaking the ship aft sectin, making the captain ordering to abandon ship immediately. This started at 12:00 and was over at 12:30, off Negros Island. At 12:42, she sank by the stern, still with 250 men onboard, Ushio rescuing the captain and 283 crewmen. She was stricken on 20 December 1944.
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❢ Abbreviations & acronyms
AA
Anti-Aircraft
AAW
// warfare
AAS
Amphibious Assault Ship
Adm
Admiral
AEW
Airbone early warning
AG
Air Group
AFV
Armored Fighting Vehicle
AMGB
armoured motor gunboat
AP
Armor Piercing
APC
Armored Personal Carrier
AS
Antisubmarine
ASM
Air-to-surface Missile
ASMD
Anti Ship Missile Defence
ASROC
ASW Rockets
ASW
Anti Submarine Warfare
ASWRL
ASW Rocket Launcher
ATW
ahead thrown weapon
avgas
Aviation Gasoline
aw
Above Waterline
AWACS
Airborne warning & control system
BB
Battleship
bhp
brake horsepower
BL
Breach-loader (gun)
BLR
Breach-loading, Rifled (gun)
BU
Broken Up
c
circa
CA
Armoured/Heavy cruiser
Capt.
Captain
Cal
Caliber or ".php"
CG
Missile Cruiser
CIC
Combat Information Center
C-in-C
Commander in Chief
CIWS
Close-in weapon system
CE
Compound Expansion (engine)
Ch
Chantiers ("Yard", FR)
CL
Cruiser, Light
cm
centimeter(s)
CMB
Coastal Motor Boat
CMS
Coastal Minesweeper
CNO
Chief of Naval Operations
Cp
Compound (armor)
Co
Company
COB
Compound Overhad Beam
CODAG
Combined Diesel & Gas
CODOG
Combined Diesel/Gas
COGAG
Combined Gas and Gas
COGOG
Combined Gas/Gas
comm
commissioned
comp
completed
conv
converted
convl
conventional
COSAG
Combined Steam & Gas
CR
Compound Reciprocating
CRCR
Same, connecting rod
CruDiv
Cruiser Division
CP
Controlled Pitch
CT
Conning Tower
CTL
constructive total loss
CTOL
Conv. Take off & landing
CTp
Compound Trunk
cu
cubic
Cyl
Cylinder(s)
CV
Aircraft Carrier
CVA
// Attack
CVE
// Escort
CVL
// Light
CVS
// ASW support
cwt
Hundredweight
DA
Direct Action
DASH
Drone ASW Helicopter
DC
Depht Charge
DCT
// Track
DCR
// Rack
DCT
// Thrower
DD
Destroyer/drydock
DE
Double Expansion
DE
Destroyer Escort
DDE
// Converted
DesRon
Destroyer Squadron
DF
Double Flux
D/F
Direction(finding)
DP
Dual Purpose
DUKW
Amphibious truck
DyD
Dockyard
EOC
Elswick Ordnance Co.
ECM
Electronic Warfare
ESM
Electronic support measure
F
Farenheit
FCS
Fire Control System
FF
Frigate
fps
Feet Per Second
ft
Feets
FY
Fiscal Year
gal
gallons
GM
Metacentric Height
GPMG
General Purpose Machine-gun
GRP
Fiberglass
GRT
Gross Tonnage
GUPPY
Greater Underwater Prop.Pow.
HA
High Angle
HC
Horizontal Compound
HCR
// Reciprocating
HCDA
// Direct Acting
HCDCR
// connecting rod
HDA
// direct acting
HDAC
// acting compound
HDAG
// acting geared
HDAR
// acting reciprocating
HDML
Harbor def. Motor Launch
H/F
High Frequency
HF/DF
// Directional Finding
HMS
Her Majesty Ship
HN
Harvey Nickel
HNC
Horizontal non-condensing hp
HP
High Pressure
hp
horizontal
HQ
Headquarter
HR
Horizontal reciprocating
HRCR
// connecting rod
HS
Harbor Service
HS(E)
Horizontal single (expansion)
HSET
// trunk
HT
Horizontal trunk
HTE
// expansion
IC
Inverted Compound
IDA
Inverted direct acting
IFF
Identification Friend or Foe
ihp
indicated horsepower
IMF
Inshore Minesweeper
in
Inche(s)
irc
ironclad
KC
Krupp, cemented
kg
Kilogram
KNC
// non cemented
km
Kilometer
kt(s)
Knot(s)
kw
kilowatt
ib
pound(s)
LA
Low Angle
LC
Landing Craft
LCA
// Assault
LCAC
// Air Cushion
LFC
// Flak (AA)
LCG
// Gunboat
LCG(L)
/// Large
LCG(M)
/// Medium
LCG(S)
/// Small
LCI
// Infantry
LCM
// Mechanized
LCP
// Personel
LCP(R)
/// Rocket
LCS
// Support
LCT
// Tanks
LCV
// Vehicles
LCVP
/// Personal
LCU
// Utility
loco
locomotive (boiler)
LSC
Landing ship, support
LSD
// Dock
LSF
// Fighter (direction)
LSM
// Medium
LSS
// Stern chute
LST
// Tank
LSV
// Vehicle
LP
low pressure
lwl
lenght waterline
m
metre(s)
M
Model
MA/SB
motor AS boat
max
maximum
MG
Machine Gun
MGB
Motor Gunboat
MLS
Minelayer/Sweeper
ML
Motor Launch
MMS
Motor Minesweper
MT
Military Transport
MTB
Motor Torpedo Boat
HMG
Heavy Machine Gun
MCM(V)
Mine countermeasure Vessel
min
minute(s)
Mk
Mark
ML
Muzzle loading
MLR
// rifled
MSO
Ocean Minesweeper
mm
millimetre
NC
non condensing
nhp
nominal horsepower
nm
Nautical miles
N°
Number
NBC/ABC
Nuc. Bact. Nuclear
NS
Nickel steel
NTDS
Nav.Tactical Def.System
NyD
Naval Yard
oa
Overall
OPV
Offshore Patrol Vessel
PC
Patrol Craft
PDMS
Point Defence Missile System
pdr
pounder
pp
perpendicular
psi
pounds per square inch
PVDS
Propelled variable-depth sonar
QF
Quick Fire
QFC
// converted
RAdm
Rear Admiral
RC
Radio-control/led
RCR
return connecting rod
rec
Rectangular
rev
Revolver
RF
Rapid Fire
RPC
Remote Control
rpg
Round per gun
SAM
Surface to air Missile
SAR
Search Air Rescue
sb
Smoothbore
SB
Ship Builder
SC
Sub-chaser (hunter)
SSBN
Ballistic Missile sub.Nuclear
SE
Simple Expansion
SET
// trunk
SG
Steeple-geared
shp
Shaft horsepower
SH
simple horizontal
SOSUS
Sound Surv. System
SPR
simple pressure horiz.
sq
square
SS
Submarine (Conv.)
SSM
Surface-surface Missile
sub
submerged
sf
steam frigate
SLBM
Sub.Launched Ballistic Missile
spf
steam paddle frigate
STOVL
Short Take off/landing
SUBROC
Sub.Fired ASW Rocket
t
ton, long (short in bracket)
TACAN
Tactical Air Nav.
TB
Torpedo Boat
TBD
// destroyer
TC
Torpedo carriage
TE
Triple expansion
TER
// reciprocating
TF
Task Force
TGB
Torpedo gunboat
TG
Task Group
TL
Torpedo launcher
TLC
// carriage
TNT
Trinitroluene
TS
Training Ship
TT
Torpedo Tube
UDT
Underwater Demolition Team
UHF
Ultra High Frequency
Vadm
Vice Admiral
VC
Vertical compound
VCE
// expansion
VDE
/ double expansion
VDS
Variable Depth Sonar
VIC
/ inverted compound
VLF
Very Low Frequency
VQL
/ quadruple expansion
VSTOL
Vertical/short take off/landing
VTE
/ triple expansion
VTOL
Vertical take off/landing
VSE
/ Simple Expansion
wks
Works
wl
waterline
WT
Wireless Telegraphy
x
number of
Yd
Yard
Organizations
GIUK
Greenland-Iceland-UK
BuShips
Bureau of Ships
DBM
German Navy League
GB
Great Britain
DNC
Directorate of Naval Construction
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
FAA
Fleet Air Arm
FNFL
Free French Navy
JMSDF
Jap.Mar.Self-Def.Force
MDAP
Mutual Def.Assistance Prog.
MSA
Maritime Safety Agency
NATO
RAF
Royal Air Force
RAN
Royal Australian Navy
RCN
Royal Canadian Navy
R&D
Research & Development
RN
Royal Navy
RNZN
Royal New Zealand Navy
ussr
Union of Socialist Republics
UE/EEC
European Union/Comunity
UN
United Nations Org.
USN
United States Navy
WaPac
Warsaw Pact
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Venus class cruisers (1864)
Decres cruiser (1866)
Desaix cruiser (1866)
Limier class cruisers (1867)
Linois cruiser (1867)
Chateaurenault cruiser (1868)
Infernet class Cruisers (1869)
Bourayne class Cruisers (1869)
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Curieux class sloops (1860)
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Bruix class sloops (1867)
Pique class gunboats (1862)
Hache class gunboats (1862)
Arbalete class gunboats (1866)
Etendard class gunboats (1868)
Revolver class gunboats (1869)
Marinha do Brasil
Barrozo class (1864)
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Tamandare (1865)
Lima Barros (1865)
Rio de Janeiro (1865)
Silvado (1866)
Mariz E Barros class (1866)
Carbal class (1866)
Osmanlı Donanması
Osmanieh class Bd.Ironclads (1864)
Assari Tewfik (1868)
Assari Shevket class Ct. Ironclads (1868)
Lufti Djelil class CDS (1868)
Avni Illah class cas.ironclads (1869)
Fethi Bulend class cas.ironclads (1870)
Barbette ironclad Idjalleh (1870)
Messudieh class Ct.Bat.ships (1874)
Hamidieh Ct.Bat.Ironclads (1885)
Abdul Kadir Battleships (project)
Frigate Ertrogul (1863)
Selimieh (1865)
Rehberi Tewkik (1875)
Mehmet Selim (1876)
Sloops & despatch vessels
Marina Do Peru
Monitor Atahualpa (1865)
CT. Bat Independencia (1865)
Turret ship Huascar (1865)
Frigate Apurimac (1855)
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Corvette Union (1865)
Marinha do Portugal
Bartolomeu Dias class (28-guns) steam frigates
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Vasco Da Gama (74 guns) Ship of the Line
Dom Fernando I e Gloria (50) Sailing Frigate
Dom Joao I class (14 guns) Sailing corvettes
Portuguese Side-wheel steamers
Regia Marina 1870
Formidabile class (1861)
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Re d'Italia class (1864)
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Roma class (1865)
Affondatore (1865)
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Guerriera class (1866)
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Nihhon Kaigun 1870
Ironclad Ruyjo (1868)
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Frigate Fujiyama (1864)
Frigate Kasuga (1863)
Corvette Asama (1869)
Gunboat Raiden (1856)
Gunboat Chiyodogata (1863)
Teibo class GB (1866)
Gunboat Mushun (1865)
Gunboat Hosho (1868)
Preußische Marine 1870
Prinz Adalbert (1864)
Arminius (1864)
Friedrich Carl (1867)
Kronprinz (1867)
K.Whilhelm (1868)
Arcona class Frigates (1858)
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Augusta class Frigates (1864)
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Russkiy Flot 1870
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Pervenetz class (1863)
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Admiral Chichagov class (1868)
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S3D Sinop (1860)
S3D Tsessarevich (1860)
Russian screw two-deckers (1856-59)
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Russian screw sloops (1856-60)
Varyag class Corvettes (1862)
Almaz class Sloops (1861)
Opyt TGBT (1861)
Sobol class TGBT (1863)
Pishtchal class TGBT (1866)
Svenska marinen
Ericsson class monitors (1865)
Frigate Karl XIV (1854)
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Søværnet
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Union Navy
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Union Sailing ships
monitors & armored ships
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wooden screw Frigates
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CSS Frederickburg (1862)
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Galena class sloops (1873)
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Intrepid torpedo ram (1874)
⚑ 1890 Fleets
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Dansk Marine
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Koninklije Marine
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Evertsen class CDS (1894)
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Pontania class Gunboats (1873)
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Hydra Gunboat class (1873)
Batavia class Gunboats (1877)
Wodan Gunboat class (1877)
Ceram class Gunboats (1887)
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Nias class Gunboats (1895)
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Friedland CT Battery ship (1873)
Richelieu CT Battery ship (1873)
Colbert class CT Battery ships (1875)
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Courbet class CT Battery ships (1879)
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Bouvines class (1892)
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Bayard class barbette ships (1879)
Vauban class barbette ships (1882)
Prot. Cruiser Sfax (1884)
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Forbin class Cruisers (1888)
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Laperouse class Cruisers (1877)
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Parseval class sloops (1876)
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Epee class gunboats (1873)
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Tromblon class gunboats (1875)
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G. Charmes class gunboats (1886)
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Marinha do Brasil
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Portuguese Torpedo Boats
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Osmanlı Donanması
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Shadieh class cruisers (1893)
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Pr. Amadeo class (1871)
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Nihhon Kaigun
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Frigate Nisshin (1869)
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Sloop Seiki (1875)
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Maya class GB (1886)
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Kaiserliche Marine
Ironclad Hansa (1872)
G.Kurfürst class (1873)
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Ironclad Oldenburg (1884)
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Leipzig class CVT (1875)
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Schwalbe class Cruisers (1887)
Bussard class (1890)
Aviso Zieten (1876)
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Albatross class GBT (1871)
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Rhein class Monitors (1872)
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Russkiy Flot
Petr Velikiy (1872)
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Minin (1866)
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Kreiser class sloops (1875)
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Burun class Gunboats (1879)
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Korietz class Gunboats (1886)
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TGBT Lt.Ilin (1886)
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Kazarski class TGBT (1889)
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Amur class minelayers (1898)
Marina Do Peru
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Svenska Marinen
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Lindormen (1868)
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Odin (1872)
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Royal Navy 1898
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1870-90 Torpedo Boats
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Spanish TBs (1878-87)
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1898 US Navy
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USS Maine (1889)
USS Texas (1892)
Indiana class (1893)
USS Iowa (1896)
Amphitrite class (1876)
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WW1 American Battleships
USS Texas (1891)
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Kearsage class battleships (1898)
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WW1 US Cruisers
Atlanta class (1885)
USS Chicago (1885)
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WW1 USN Destroyers
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WW1 American Submarines
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American Torpedo Boats (1885-1901)
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Royal Navy
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WW1 British Battleships
Centurion class (1892)
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WW1 British Battlecruisers
Invincible class (1907)
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ww1 British cruisers
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WW1 British Seaplane Carriers
HMS Ark Royal (1914)
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WW1 British Destroyers
Reclassified DDs (A, B, C, D class)
26-knotters (1893)
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Wartime DDs
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WW1 British Torpedo Boats
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WW1 British Submarines
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WW1 British Monitors
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WW1 French Battlecruisers (Projects)
WW1 French Battleships
Charles Martel class (1891)
Charlemagne class (1899)
Henri IV (1899)
Iéna (1898)
Suffren (1899)
République class (1902)
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WW1 French Cruisers
Dupuy de Lôme (1890)
Admiral Charner class (1892)
Pothuau (1895)
Dunois class (1897)
Jeanne d'Arc arm. cruiser (1899)
Gueydon class arm. cruisers (1901)
Dupleix class arm. cruisers (1901)
Gloire class arm. cruisers (1902)
Gambetta class arm. cruisers (1901)
Jules Michelet arm. cruiser (1905)
Ernest Renan arm. cruiser (1905)
Edgar Quinet class arm. cruisers (1907)
Lamotte Picquet class cruisers (planned)
Cruiser D'Entrecasteaux (1897)
D’Iberville class (1893)
Jurien de la Gravière (1899)
Seaplane Carrier La Foudre (1895)
Kersaint class sloops (1897)
WW1 French Destroyers
WW1 French ASW Escorts
WW1 French Submarines
Plongeur (1863)
Gymnôte (1888)
Gustave Zédé (1893)
Morse (1899)
Narval (1899)
Sirène class (1901)
Farfadet class (1901)
Morse class (1901)
Naiade class (1904)
X (1904)
Z (1904)
Y (1905)
Aigrette class (1904)
Omega (1905)
Emeraude class (1906)
Circe class (1907)
Pluviose class (1909)
Brumaire class (1910)
Archimede (1909)
Mariotte (1911)
Amiral Bourgeois (1912)
Charles Brun (1910)
Clorinde class (1913)
Zédé class (1913)
Amphitrite class (1914)
Bellone class (1914)
Dupuy de Lome class (1915)
Diane class (1915)
Joessel class (1917)
Lagrange class (1917)
Armide class (1915)
O'Byrne class (1919)
Maurice Callot (1921)
Pierre Chailley (1921)
WW1 French Torpedo Boats
WW1 French river gunboats
WW1 French Motor Boats
WW1 French Auxiliary Warships
Nihhon Kaigun
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WW1 Japanese Battleships
Ironclad Chin Yen (1882)
Fuji class (1896)
Shikishima class (1898)
IJN Mikasa (1900)
Katori class (1905)
Satsuma class (1906)
Kawachi class (1910)
Fusō class (1915)
Ise class (1917)
Nagato class (1919)
Kaga class (1921)
Kii class (planned)
Tsukuba class BCs (1905)
Ibuki class (1907)
Kongō class (1912)
Akagi class (planned)
N°13 class (planned)
WW1 Japanese Cruisers
Naniwa class (1885)
IJN Unebi (1886)
Matsushima class (1889)
IJN Akitsushima (1892)
Suma class (1895)
Chitose class (1898)
Asama class (1898)
IJN Yakumo (1899)
IJN Adzuma (1899)
Tsushima class (1902)
IJN Otowa (1903)
Kasuga class (1904)
IJN Tone (1907)
Yodo class (1907)
Chikuma class (1911)
Tenryu class (1918)
WW1 Japanese Destroyers
WW1 Japanese Submersibles
WW1 Japanese Torpedo Boats
WW1 Japanese gunboats
IJN Wakamiya seaplane carrier (1905)
Natsushima class minelayers (1911)
IJN Katsuriki minelayer (1916)
Japanese WW1 auxiliaries
Russkiy Flot
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WW1 Russian Battleships
Tri Sviatitelia (1894)
Poltava (1894)
Rostislav (1896)
Peresviet class (1899)
Pantelimon (1900)
Retvizan (1900)
Tsesarevich (1901)
Borodino class (1901)
Pervoswanny class (1908)
Evstafi class (1910)
Gangut class (1911)
Imperatritsa Mariya class (1913)
Borodino class battlecruisers (1915)
WW1 Russian Cruisers
Rossia class (1896)
Pallada class (1899)
Varyag (1900)
Askold (1900)
Novik (1900)
Bogatyr class (1901)
Boyarin (1901)
Izmurud (1903)
Bayan class (1905)
Rurik (1906)
Svetlana class (1915)
Adm. Nakhimov class (1915)
WW1 Russian Destroyers
Pruitki class (1895)
Bditelni(i) class (1899)
Grozni class (1904)
Ukraina class (1904)
Bukharski class (1905)
Gaidamak class (1905)
Lovki class (1905)
Bditelni class (1905)
Tverdi class (1906)
Storozhevoi class (1906)
Kondratenko class (1906)
Shestakov class (1907)
Novik (1911)
Bespokoiny(Derzki) class (1911)
Orfey class (1911)
Izyaslav class (1911)
Fidonisy(Kerch) class (1911)
WW1 Russian Submarines
WW1 Russian TBs (1877-1918)
WW1 Russian Minelayers
WW1 Russian Minesweepers
Amur class Minelayers (1906)
Regia Marina
WW1 Italian Battleships
Re Umberto class (1883)
Amiraglio Di St Bon class (1897)
Regina Margherita class (1900)
Regina Elena class (1904)
Dante Alighieri (1909)
Cavour class (1915)
Doria class (1916)
Caracciolo class battleships (1917)
WW1 Italian Cruisers
Umbria class (1891)
Calabria (1894)
Vettor Pisani class (1895)
Agordat class (1899)
Garibaldi class (1901)
Marco Polo (1892)
Nino Bixio class ()
Pisa class (1907)
San Giorgio class (1907)
Quarto (1911)
Libia (1912)
Campania class (1914)
WW1 Italian Gunboats
Governolo GB (1897)
Brondolo class (1909)
Sebastiano Caboto (1912)
Ape class (1918)
Erlanno Caboto (1918)
Bafile class (1921)
Esploratori (scouts)
Poerio class scouts
Mirabello class scouts
Aquila class scouts
Leone class scouts
WW1 Italian Destroyers
Soldati class
Indomito class
Pilo class
Sirtori class
La Masa class
Palestro class
"Generali" class
Curtatone class
WW1 Italian Torpedo Boats
WW1 Italian Submarines
WW1 Italian Monitors
WW1 Italian Minesweepers
WW1 Italian MAS
Grillo class tracked torpedo launches
✠ Central Empires
Kaiserliche Marine
WW1 German Battleships
Siegfried class (1889)
Brandenburg class (1892)
Wittelsbach class (1900)
Braunschweig class (1902)
Kaiser Friedrich III class (1904)
Deutschland class (1905)
Nassau class (1906)
Helgoland class (1909)
Kaiser class (1911)
König class (1913)
Bayern class battleships (1916)
Sachsen class (launched)
L20 Alpha (project)
WW1 German Battlecruisers
SMS Blücher (1908)
Von der Tann (1909)
Moltke class (1910)
Seydlitz (1912)
Derrflinger class (1913)
Hindenburg (1915)
Mackensen class (1917)
Ersatz Yorck class (started)
WW1 German Cruisers
Irene class (1887)
Bussard class (1890)
SMS Kaiserin Augusta (1892)
SMS Gefion (1893)
SMS Hela (1895)
Victoria Louise class (1896)
Fürst Bismarck (1897)
Gazelle class (1898)
Prinz Adalbert class (1901)
Prinz heinrich (1900)
Bremen class (1902)
Könisgberg class (1905)
Roon class (1905)
Scharnhorst class (1906)
Dresden class (1907)
Nautilus class (1906)
Kolberg class (1908)
Magdeburg class (1911)
Karlsruhe class (1912)
Graudenz class (1914)
Pillau class (1914)
Brummer class (1915)
Wiesbaden class (1915)
Königsberg(ii) class (1915)
Cöln class (1916)
WW1 German Commerce Raiders
SMS Seeadler (1888)
WW1 German Destroyers
WW1 German Submarines
Brandtaucher
Forelle
U-1
U-2
U-3 class
U-5 class
U-9 class
U-13 class
U-17 class
U-19 class
U-23 class
U-43 class
U-57 class
U-63 class
U-87 class
U-93 class
U-139 class
U-142 class
UA
UB-I class
UB-II class
UB-III class
UC-I class
UC-II class
Deutschland
UE-I class
UE-II class
U-Projects
WW1 German Torpedo Boats
ww1 German gunboats
ww1 German minesweepers
ww1 German MTBs
KuK Kriesgmarine
Monarch class coastal BS (1895)
Habsburg class
Herzherzog Karl class
Radetzky class (1908)
SMS Kaiser Karl IV (1898)
SMS Sankt Georg (1903)
Tegetthoff class (1911)
Zenta class (1897)
Kaiser Franz Joseph I class (1889)
Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
Admiral Spaun/Novara
Panther class (1885)
Zara class (1880)
Austro-Hungarian Destroyers
Tatra class Destroyers
Austro-Hungarian Submarines
Austro-Hungarian Torpedo Boats
Versuchsgleitboot
Osmanli Donmanasi
Barbarossa class battleships (1892)
Yavuz (1914)
Cruiser Mecidieh (1903)
Cruiser Hamidieh (1903)
Cruiser Midilli (1914)
Namet Torpedo cruisers (1890)
Sahahani Deria Torpedo cruisers (1892)
Destroyers class Berk-Efshan (1894)
Destroyers class Yarishar (1907)
Destroyers class Muavenet (1909)
Berk i Savket class Torpedo gunboats (1906)
Marmaris gunboat (1903)
Sedd ul Bahr class gunboats (1907)
Isa Reis class gunboats (1911)
Preveze class gunboats (1912)
Turkish WW1 Torpedo Boats
Turkish Armed Yachts (1861-1903)
Turkish WW1 Minelayers
⚑ Neutral Countries
Americas
Argentina
Alm. Brown Corvette (1880)
Cruiser Patagonia (1885)
Libertad class CBC (1890)
Cruiser 25 de Mayo (1890)
Cruiser Nueve de Julio (1892)
Cruiser Buenos Aires (1895)
Garibaldi class cruisers (1895)
Espora class TGB (1890)
Patria class TGB (1893)
Argentinian TBs (1880-98)
Brazil
Marsh. Deodoro class (1898)
Riachuelo (1883)
Minas Geraes class (1908)
Cruiser Alm. Tamandaré (1890)
Cruiser Republica (1892)
Cruiser Alm. Barrozo (1892)
TT Gunboat Talayo (1892)
Brazilian TBs (1879-1893)
Chile
BS Alm. Latorre (1913)
BS Capitan Prat (1890)
Pdt. Errazuriz class (1890)
Lima class Cruisers (1880)
Blanco Encalada (1893)
Esmeralda (1894)
Ministro Zenteno (1896)
O'Higgins (1897)
Chacabuco (1898)
TGB Almirante Lynch (1890)
TGB Alm. Sampson (1896)
Chilean TBs (1880-1902)
Cuba
Gunboat Baire (1906)
Gunboat Patria (1911)
Diez de octubre class GB (1911)
Sloop Cuba (1911)
Haiti
Gunboat Dessalines (1883)
GB Toussaint Louverture (1886)
GB Capois la Mort (1893)
GB Crete a Pierot (1895)
Mexico
Cruiser Zatagosa (1891)
GB Plan de Guadalupe (1892)
Tampico class GB (1902)
N. Bravo class GB (1903)
Peru
Almirante Grau class (1906)
Ferre class subs. (1912)
Europe
Bulgaria
Cruiser Nadezhda (1898)
Drski class TBs (1906)
Denmark
Skjold class (1896)
Herluf Trolle class (1899)
Herluf Trolle (1908)
Niels Iuel (1918)
Hekla class cruisers (1890)
Valkyrien class cruisers (1888)
Fyen class crusiers (1882)
Danish TBs (1879-1918)
Danish Submarines (1909-1920)
Danish Minelayer/sweepers
Greece
Kilkis class
Giorgios Averof class
Netherlands
Eversten class (1894)
Konigin Regentes class (1900)
De Zeven Provincien (1909)
Dutch dreadnought (project)
Holland class cruisers (1896)
Fret class destroyers
Dutch Torpedo boats
Dutch gunboats
Dutch submarines
Dutch minelayers
Norway
Haarfarge class (1897)
Norge class (1900)
Norwegian Monitors
Cr. Frithjof (1895)
Cr. Viking (1891)
DD Draug (1908)
Norwegian ww1 TBs
Norwegian ww1 Gunboats
Sub. Kobben (1909)
Ml. Fröya (1916)
Ml. Glommen (1917)
Portugal
Coastal Battleship Vasco da Gama (1875)
Cruiser Adamastor (1896)
Sao Gabriel class (1898)
Cruiser Dom Carlos I (1898)
Cruiser Rainha Dona Amelia (1899)
Portuguese ww1 Destroyers
Portuguese ww1 Submersibles
Portuguese ww1 Gunboats
Romania
Elisabeta (1885)
Spain
España class Battleships (1912)
Velasco class (1885)
Ironclad Pelayo (1887)
Alfonso XII class (1887)
Cataluna class (1896)
Plata class (1898)
Estramadura class (1900)
Reina Regentes class (1906)
Spanish Destroyers
Spanish Torpedo Boats
Spanish Sloops/Gunboats
Spanish Submarines
Spanish Armada 1898
Sweden
Svea classs (1886)
Oden class (1896)
Dristigheten (1900)
Äran class (1901)
Oscar II (1905)
Sverige class (1915)
J. Ericsson class (1865)
Gerda class (1871)
Berserk (1873)
HMS Fylgia (1905)
Clas Fleming class (1912)
Swedish Torpedo cruisers
Swedish destroyers
Swedish Torpedo Boats
Swedish gunboats
Swedish submarines
Asia
China
Dingyuan class Ironclads (1881)
Hai Ching class (1874)
Wei Yuan class (1878)
Chao Yung class (1880)
Nan T'an class (1883)
Pao Min (1885)
King Ching class (1885)
Tung Chi class (1895)
Hai Yung class (1897)
Hai Tien class (1898)
Chao Ho class (1911)
Gunboats (1867-1918)
Fu Po class Gunboats (1870)
Torpedo gunboats (1891-1900)
Destroyers (1906-1912)
Torpedo boats (1883-1902)
Thailand
Maha Chakri (1892)
Thoon Kramon (1866)
Makrut Rajakumarn (1883)
⚏ WW1 3rd/4th rank navies
✈ WW1 Naval Aviation
USN
Boeing model 2/3/5 (1916)
Aeromarine 39 (1917)
Curtiss H (1917)
Curtiss F5L (1918)
Curtiss VE-7 (1918)
Curtiss NC (1918)
Curtiss NC4 (1918)
RNAS
Short 184 (1915)
Fairey Campania (1917)
Felixtowe F2 (1916)
Felixtowe F3 (1917)
Felixtowe F5 (1918)
Sopwith Baby (1917)
Fairey Hamble Baby (1917)
Fairey III (1918)
Short S38 (1912)
Short Admiralty Type 166 (1914)
Short Admiralty Type 184 (1915)
Blackburn Kangaroo
Sopwith 1-1/2 Strutter
Sopwith Pup
Sopwith Cuckoo 1918
Royal Aircraft Factory Airships
Marineflieger
Albatros W.4 (1916)
Albatros W.8 (1918)
Friedrichshafen Models
Gotha WD.1-27 (1918)
Hansa-Brandenburg series
L.F.G V.19 Stralsund (1918)
L.F.G W (1916)
L.F.G WD (1917)
Lübeck-Travemünde (1914)
Oertz W series (1914)
Rumpler 4B (1914)
Sablatnig SF (1916)
Zeppelin-Lindau Rs series
Kaiserlichesmarine Zeppelins
French Naval Aviation
Borel Type Bo.11 (1911)
Nieuport VI.H (1912)
Nieuport X.H (1913)
Donnet-Leveque (1913)
FBA-Leveque (1913)
FBA (1913)
Donnet-Denhaut (1915)
Borel-Odier Type Bo-T(1916)
Levy G.L.40 (1917)
Blériot-SPAD S.XIV (1917)
Hanriot HD.2 (1918)
Zodiac Airships
Italian Naval Aviation
Ansaldo SVA Idro (1916)
Ansaldo Baby Idro (1915)
Macchi M3 (1916)
Macchi M5 (1918)
SIAI S.12 (1918)
Russian Naval Aviation
Grigorovich M-5 (1915)
Grigorovich M-9 (1916)
Grigorovich M-11 (1916)
Grigorovich M-15 (1916)
Grigorovich M-16 (1916)
Grigorovich M-16 (1916)
✠ K.u.K. SeeFliegkorps
Lohner E (1914)
Lohner L (1915)
Oeffag G (1916)
IJN Air Service
IJN Farman 1914
Yokosho Rogou Kougata (1917)
Yokosuka Igo-Ko (1920)
WW2
✪ Allied ww2 Fleets
US Navy
WW2 US Battleships
Wyoming class (1911)
New York class (1912)
Nevada class (1914)
Pennsylvania class (1915)
New Mexico class (1917)
Tennessee Class (1919)
Colorado class (1921)
North Carolina class (1940)
South Dakota class (1941)
Iowa class (1942)
Montana class (cancelled)
WW2 American Cruisers
Omaha class cruisers (1920)
Pensacola class heavy Cruisers (1928)
Northampton class heavy cruisers (1929)
Portland class heavy cruisers (1931)
New Orleans class cruisers (1933)
Brooklyn class cruisers (1936)
USS Wichita (1937)
Atlanta class light cruisers (1941)
Cleveland class light Cruisers (1942)
Baltimore class heavy cruisers (1942)
Alaska class heavy cruisers (1944)
WW2 USN Aircraft Carriers
USS Langley (1920)
Lexington class CVs (1927)
USS Ranger (CV-4)
USS Wasp (CV-7)
Yorktown class aircraft carriers (1936)
Long Island class (1940)
Independence class CVs (1942)
Essex class CVs (1942)
Bogue class CVEs (1942)
Sangamon class CVEs (1942)
Casablanca class CVEs (1942)
Commencement Bay class CVEs (1944)
Midway class CVs (1945)
Saipan class CVs (1945)
WW2 USN destroyers
Farragut class (1934)
Porter class (1935)
Mahan class (1935)
Gridley class (1936)
Bagley class (1936)
Somers class (1937)
Benham class (1938)
Sims class (1939)
Benson class (1939)
Gleaves class (1940)
Fletcher class (1942)
Sumner class (1943)
Gearing class (1944)
GMT Evarts class (1942)
TE Buckley class (1943)
TEV/WGT Rudderow class (1943)
DET/FMR Cannon class
Asheville/Tacoma class
WW2 US Submarines
Barracuda class
USS Argonaut
Narwhal class
USS Dolphin
Cachalot class
Porpoise class
Shark class
Perch class
Salmon class
Sargo class
Tambor class
Mackerel class
Gato Class
USS Terror (1941)
Raven class Mnsp (1940)
Admirable class Mnsp (1942)
Eagle class sub chasers (1918)
PC class sub chasers
SC class sub chasers
PCS class sub chasers
YMS class Mot. Mnsp
PT-Boats
ww2 US gunboats
ww2 US seaplane tenders
USS Curtiss ST (1940)
Currituck class ST
Tangier class ST
Barnegat class ST
US Coast Guard
Lake class
Northland class
Treasury class
Owasco class
Wind class
Algonquin class
Thetis class
Active class
US Amphibious ships & crafts
US Amphibious Operations
Doyen class AT
Harris class AT
Dickman class AT
Bayfield class AT
Windsor class AT
Ormsby class AT
Funston class AT
Sumter class AT
Haskell class AT
Andromeda class AT
Gilliam class AT
APD-1 class LT
APD-37 class LT
LSV class LS
LSD class LS
Landing Ship Tank
LSM class LS
LSM(R) class SS
LCI(L) LC
LCT(6) LC
LCV class LC
LCVP class LC
LCM(3) class LC
LCP(L) class LC
LCP(R) class SC
LCL(L)(3) class FSC
LCS(S) class FSC
Royal Navy
☍ See the Page
WW2 British Battleships
Queen Elisabeth class (1913)
Revenge class (1915)
Nelson class (1925)
King George V class (1939)
Lion class (Started)
HMS Vanguard (1944)
Renown class (1916)
HMS Hood (1920)
WW2 British Cruisers
British C class cruisers (1914-1922)
Hawkins class cruisers (1917)
British D class cruisers (1918)
Enterprise class cruisers (1919)
HMS Adventure (1924)
County class cruisers (1926)
York class cruisers (1929)
Surrey class cruisers (project)
Leander class cruisers (1931)
Arethusa class cruisers (1934)
Perth class cruisers (1934)
Town class cruisers (1936)
Dido class cruisers (1939)
Abdiel class cruisers (1939)
Fiji class cruisers (1941)
Bellona class cruisers (1942)
Swiftsure class cruisers (1943)
Tiger class cruisers (1944)
WW2 British Aircraft Carriers
HMS Argus (1917)
HMS Furious (1917)
HMS Eagle (1918)
HMS Hermes (1919)
Courageous class aircraft carriers (1928)
HMS Ark Royal (1937)
Illustrious class (1939)
HMS Indomitable (1940)
Implacable class (1942)
Malta class (project)
HMS Unicorn (1941)
Colossus class (1943)
Majestic class (1944)
Centaur class (started 1945)
HMS Archer (1939)
HMS Argus (1917)
HMS Audacity (1941)
HMS Archer (1941)
HMS Activity (1941)
HMS Pretoria Castle (1941)
Avenger class (1941)
Attacker class (1941)
Ameer class (1942)
Merchant Aircraft Carriers (1942)
Nairana class (1943)
WW2 British Destroyers
Shakespeare class (1917)
Scott class (1818)
V class (1917)
S class (1918)
W class (1918)
A/B class (1926)
C/D class (1931)
G/H/I class (1935)
Tribal class (1937)
J/K/N class (1938)
Hunt class DE (1939)
L/M class (1940)
O/P class (1942)
Q/R class (1942)
S/T/U//V/W class (1942)
Z/ca class (1943)
Ch/Co/Cr class (1944)
Battle class (1945)
Weapon class (1945)
WW2 British submarines
L9 class (1918)
HMS X1 (1923)
Odin (O) class (1926)
Parthian (P) class (1929)
Rainbow (R) class (1930)
River (Thames) class (1932)
Swordfish (S) class (1932)
Grampus class (1935)
Shark class (1934)
Triton class (1937)
Undine class (1937)
U class (1940)
S class (1941)
T class (1941)
X-Craft midget (1942)
A class (1944)
WW2 British Amphibious Ships and Landing Crafts
LSI(L) class
LSI(M/S) class
LSI(H) class
LSS class
LSG class
LSC class
Boxer class LST
LST(2) class
LST(3) class
LSH(L) class
LSF classes (all)
LCI(S) class
LCI(L) class
LCS(L2) class
LCT(I) class
LCT(2) class
LCT(R) class
LCT(3) class
LCT(4) class
LCT(8) class
LCT(4) class
LCG(L)(4) class
LCG(M)(1) class
LCA
LCP
LCM
WW2 British MTB/gunboats
WW2 British MTBs
MTB-1 class (1936)
MTB-24 class (1939)
MTB-41 class (1940)
MTB-424 class (1944)
MTB-601 class (1942)
MA/SB class (1938)
MTB-412 class (1942)
MGB 6 class (1939)
MGB-47 class (1940)
MGB 321 (1941)
MGB 501 class (1942)
MGB 511 class (1944)
MGB 601 class (1942)
MGB 2001 class (1943)
WW2 British Gunboats
Denny class (1941)
Fairmile A (1940)
Fairmile B (1940)
HDML class (1940)
WW2 British Sloops
Bridgewater class (2090)
Hastings class (1930)
Shoreham class (1930)
Grimsby class (1934)
Bittern class (1937)
Egret class (1938)
Black Swan class (1939)
River class (1942)
Loch class (1944)
Bay class (1944)
Kingfisher class (1935)
Shearwater class (1939)
Flower class (1940)
Castle class (1943)
WW2 British Misc.
Roberts class monitors (1941)
Halcyon class minesweepers (1933)
Bangor class minesweepers (1940)
Bathurst class minesweepers (1940)
Algerine class minesweepers (1941)
Motor Minesweepers (1937)
ww2 British ASW trawlers
Basset class trawlers (1935)
Tree class trawlers (1939)
HMS Albatross seaplane carrier
WW2 British river gunboats
HMS Guardian netlayer
HMS Protector netlayer
HMS Plover coastal mines.
Medway class sub depot ships
HMS Resource fleet repair
HMS Woolwhich DD depot ship
HMS Tyne DD depot ship
Maidstone class sub depot ships
HmS Adamant sub depot ship
Athene class aircraft transport
British ww2 AMCs
British ww2 OBVs
British ww2 ABVs
British ww2 Convoy Escorts
British ww2 APVs
British ww2 SSVs
British ww2 SGAVs
British ww2 Auxiliary Mines.
British ww2 CAAAVs
British ww2 Paddle Mines.
British ww2 MDVs
British ww2 Auxiliary Minelayers
British ww2 armed yachts
Marine Nationale
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WW2 French Battleships
Courbet class (1911)
Bretagne class (1914)
Dunkerque class (1935)
Richelieu class (1940)
Gascoigne class (Project)
WW2 French cruisers
Duguay Trouin class (1923)
Duquesne class (1925)
Suffren class (1927)
Pluton (1929)
Jeanne d’Arc (1930)
Algérie (1930)
Emile Bertin (1933)
La Galissonnière class (1934)
De Grasse class (started)
St Louis class (started)
WW2 French Destroyers
Chacal class
Guepard class
Aigle class
Vauquelin class
Le Fantasque class
Mogador class
Bourrasque class
L'Adroit class
Le Hardi class
La Melpomene class TBs
Le fier class TBs
WW2 French Submarines
Requin class
600/630 Tonnes class
Redoutable class
Saphir class (1928)
Surcouf (1929)
Aurore class (1939)
Morillot class (1940)
Emeraude class (project)
Phenix class (project)
Aircraft Carrier Béarn (1923)
Ct Teste seaplane carrier (1929)
Joffre class CVs (started)
French ASW sloops
Bougainville class Avisos
Elan class Minesweepers
Chamois class Minesweepers
French ww2 sub-chasers
Sans souci class seaplane tenders
ww2 French river gunboats
ww2 French AMCs
Sovietskiy Flot
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Gangut class (1911)
Sovetsky Soyuz class (started)
Kronstadt class battlecruisers
Krasny Kavkaz (1916)
Svetlana class cruisers (1920)
Kirov class cruisers (1934)
Chapayev class cruisers (1940)
WW2 Soviet Destroyers
Sverdlov (Novik 1911)
Bespokoiny(Derzki) class (1911)
Orfey class (1911)
Izyaslav class (1911)
Fidonisy(Kerch) class (1911)
Leningrad class (1933)
Tashkent (1937)
Kiev class (1940)
Gnevnyi class (1936)
Storozhevoi class (1936)
Opytinyi (1935)
Ognevoi class (1940)
WW2 Soviet submarines
AG class (1920)
Series I (1928)
Series II (1931)
Series III (1930)
Series IV (1934)
Series V/V bis (1933)
Series VI/VI bis (1933)
Series IX/IX bis (1935)
Series X/X bis (1936)
Series XI (1935)
Series XIII/XIII bis (1937)
Series XV (1940)
Series XIV (1938)
Series XVI (1947)
Soviet ww2 Gunboats and Monitors
Soviet ww2 guardships
Soviet ww2 Minesweepers
Soviet ww2 Minelayers
Soviet ww2 MTBs
Soviet ww2 sub-chasers
Yosif Stalin class icebreakers
Royal Canadian Navy
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Royal Canadian Navy
IROQUOIS class destroyers
Canadian RIVER class
Canadian LOCH class
Canadian FLOWER class
Improved Flower class
Canadian armed trawlers
Canadian MACS
Royal Australian Navy
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Perth class cruisers (1934)
Arunta class destroyers (1940)
HMAS Albatros (1928)
Barcoo class frigates (1943)
Yarra class sloops (1935)
RNZN Fleet
RIN Fleet
Dutch Navy
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HNLMS De Ruyter (1935)
Java class cruisers (1921)
Tromp Class Cruisers (1937)
Holland class battecruisers (project)
Eendracht class cruisers (project)
Dutch Submarines
Admiralen class destroyers
Tjerk Hiddes class destroyers
Dutch gunboats
Dutch minelayers/minesweepers
Chinese Navy 1937
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Hai Yung class (1897)
Hai Tien class (1898)
Chao Ho class (1911)
Ning Hai class (1931)
WW2 Chinese Gunboats
✙ Axis ww2 Fleets
Imperial Japanese Navy
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WW2 Japanese Battleships
Kongō class Fast Battleships (1912)
Fuso class battleships (1915)
Ise class battleships (1917)
Nagato class Battleships (1919)
Yamato class Battleships (1941)
B41 class Battleships (project)
B64/65 Battlecruiser (1939-41)
WW2 Japanese cruisers
Tenryū class cruisers (1918)
Kuma class cruisers (1919)
Nagara class (1921)
Sendai class Cruisers (1923)
IJN Yūbari (1923)
Furutaka class Cruisers (1925)
Aoba class heavy cruisers (1926)
Nachi class Cruisers (1927)
Takao class cruisers (1930)
Mogami class cruisers (1934)
Tone class cruisers (1937)
Katori class cruisers (1939)
Agano class cruisers (1941)
Oyodo (1943)
Seaplane & Aircraft Carriers
IJN Hōshō (1921)
IJN Akagi (1925)
IJN Kaga (1927)
IJN Ryujo (1931)
IJN Soryu (1935)
IJN Hiryu (1937)
Shokaku class (1940)
Zuiho class (1937)
Ruyho (1933)
Hiyo class (1941)
Chitose class (1943)
IJN Taiho (1944)
IJN Shinano (1944)
Unryu class (1944)
IJN Ibuki (1942)
Taiyo class (1940)
IJN Kaiyo (1938)
IJN Shinyo (1934)
Notoro (1920)
Kamoi (1922)
Chitose class (1936)
Mizuho (1938)
Nisshin (1939)
IJN AMCs
IJN Aux. Seaplane tenders
Akistushima (1941)
Shimane Maru class (1944)
Yamashiro Maru class (1944)
Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation
WW2 Japanese Destroyers
Mutsuki class (1925)
Fubuki class (1927)
Akatsuki class (1932)
Hatsuharu class (1932)
Shiratsuyu class (1935)
Asashio class (1936)
Kagero class (1938)
Yugumo class (1941)
Akitsuki class (1941)
IJN Shimakaze (1942)
WW2 Japanese Submarines
KD1 class (1921)
Koryu class
Kaiten class
Kairyu class
IJN Midget subs
WW2 Japanese Amphibious ships/Crafts
Shinshu Maru class (1935)
Akistu Maru class (1941)
Kumano Maru class (1944)
SS class LS (1942)
T1 class LS (1944)
T101 class LS (1944)
T103 class LS (1944)
Shohatsu class LC (1941)
Chuhatsu class LC (1942)
Moku Daihatsu class (1942)
Toku Daihatsu class (1944)
WW2 Japanese minelayers
IJN Armed Merchant Cruisers
WW2 Japanese Escorts
Tomozuru class (1933)
Otori class (1935)
Matsu class (1944)
Tachibana class (1944)
Ioshima class (1944)
WW2 Japanese Sub-chasers
WW2 Japanese MLs
Shinyo class SB
Regia Marina
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WW2 Italian battleships
Littorio class battleships
Cavour class battleships
Doria class battleships (1916)
WW2 Italian Cruisers
Alberto di Giussano class
Trento class (1927)
Cadorna class (1931)
Zara class Cruisers (1931)
R. Montecuccoli class (1934)
Duca d'Aosta class (1935)
Duca degli Abruzzi class (1937)
Costanzo Ciano class (1939)
Etna class
Capitani Romani class (1941)
Giuseppe Miraglia
Aircraft carrier Aquila
WW2 Italian Destroyers
Leone class destroyers
Sella class
Sauro class
Turbine class
Navigatori class
Freccia class
Folgore class
Maestrale class
Oriani class
Soldati class
Cdt Medaglie d'Oro class
WW2 Italian TBs
Albatros
Spica class
Pegaso class
Ciclone class
Ariete class
WW2 Italian Submarines
Balilla class
Archimede class
Glauco class
Foca class
Marcello class
Brin class
Liuzzi class
Marconi class
Cagni class
Romolo class
Mameli class
Pisani class
Bandiera class
Squalo class
Bragadin class
Settembrini class
Argo class
Argonauta class
Sirena class
Perla class
Adua class
Acciaio class
Flutto class
CM class
CC class
CA class
CB class
ww2 Italian light MBs
MAS MBTs
MS class boats
VAS class ASW boats
MAT class
MTM class
MTS class (1940)
MTL class
SLC/SSB class
R Boats
Eritrea sloop (1936)
Diana sloop (1942)
Gabbaiano class Corvettes (1942)
Italian minelayers
Italian gunboats
Kriegsmarine
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ww2 german battleships
Bismarck class Battleships (1940)
Scharnhorst class battleships (1936)
Deutschland class Cruisers (1931)
K class Battleships
ww2 german cruisers
KMS Emden (1925)
Königsberg class cruisers (1927)
Leipzig class cruisers (1929)
Hipper class cruisers (1937)
M class
P class
KMS Graf Zeppelin (1939)
WW2 German submarines: U-Boats
Seeteufel (1944)
Type Ia U-Boats (1936)
Type II U-Boats (1935)
Type IX U-Boats (1936)
Type VII U-Boats (1933)
Type XB U-Boats (1941)
Type XIV U-Boats (1941)
Type XVII U-Boats (1945)
Type XXI U-Boats (1944)
Type XXIII U-Boats (1944)
Prototype U-Boats (1942-45)
German mini-subs and human torpedoes
WW2 German Destroyers
1934/34A Type
1936 Type
1936A Type
1936B Type
1936C Type
1942 Type
Beute Zerstörer
Spähkreuzer (1940)
WW2 German Torpedo Boats
1923 Type
1924 Type
1935 Type
1937 Type
1939 Type
1940 Type
1941 Type
F class escorts
ww2 German minesweepers
S-Bootes (E-Boats)
LS-Bootes
R-Boote
KS-Boote
Other Light Boats
Manta (paper project, 1944)
WW2 German Amphibious Ships
German Commerce Raiders
Bremse minelayer
Brummer minelayer
Brummer(II) minelayer
Saar tender
Bauer class tenders
Tsingtau tender
Tanga tender
Lüderitz class tenders
Nachtigal class tenders
Grille minelayer
Hela tender
Hela tender
Castor minelayer
Togo AA Cd ship
⚑ Neutral Navies
Argentinian Navy
☍ See the Page
Rivadavia class Battleships
Cruiser La Argentina
Veinticinco de Mayo class cruisers
Argentinian Destroyers
Santa Fe class sub.
Bouchard class minesweepers
King class patrol vessels
Brazilian Navy
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Minas Gerais class Battleships (1912)
Cruiser Bahia
Brazilian Destroyers
Humaita class sub.
Tupi class sub.
Chilean Navy
☍ See the Page
Almirante Latorre class battleships
Cruiser Esmeralda (1896)
Cruiser Chacabuco (1911)
Chilean DDs
Fresia class subs
Capitan O’Brien class subs
Danish Navy
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Niels Iuel (1918)
Danish ww2 Torpedo-Boats
Danish ww2 submarines
Danish ww2 minelayer/sweepers
Finnish Navy
☍ See the Page
Coastal BB Vainamoinen
Finnish ww2 submarines
Finnish ww2 minelayers
Hellenic Navy
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Greek ww2 Destroyers
Greek ww2 submarines
Greek ww2 minelayers
Polish Navy
☍ See the Page
Cruiser ORP Dragon
Cruiser ORP Conrad
Brislawicka class Destroyers
Witcher ww2 Destroyers
Minelayer Gryf
Wilk class sub.
Orzel class sub.
Jakolska class minesweepers
Polish Monitors
Portuguese Navy
☍ See the Page
Douro class DDs
Delfim class sub
Velho class gb
Albuquerque class gb
Nunes class sloops
Romanian Navy
☍ See the Page
Romanian ww2 Destroyers
Romanian ww2 Submarines
Sjøforsvaret
☍ See the Page
Norwegian ww2 Torpedo-Boats
Spanish Armada
☍ See the Page
España class Battleships
Blas de Lezo class cruisers
Canarias class cruisers
Cervera class cruisers
Cruiser Navarra
Spanish Destroyers
Spanish Submarines
Dédalo Seaplane Carrier
Spanish Gunboats
Spanish Minelayers
Svenska Marinen
☍ See the Page
Sverige class CBBs (1915)
Gustav V class CBBs (1918)
Interwar Swedish CBB projects
Tre Kronor class (1943)
Gotland (1933)
Fylgia (1905)
Ehrernskjold class DDs (1926)
Psilander class DDs (1926)
Klas Horn class DDs (1931)
Romulus class DDs (1934)
Göteborg class DDs (1935)
Mode class DDs (1942)
Visby class DDs (1942)
Öland class DDs (1945)
Swedish ww2 TBs
Swedish ww2 Submarines
Swedish ww2 Minelayers
Swedish ww2 MTBs
Swedish ww2 Patrol Vessels
Swedish ww2 Minesweepers
Turkish Navy
☍ See the Page
Kocatepe class Destroyers
Tinaztepe class Destroyers
İnönü class submarines
Submarine Dumplumpynar
Submarine Sakarya
Submarine Gur
Submarine Batiray
Atilay class submarines
Royal Yugoslav Navy
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Cruiser Dalmacija
Dubrovnik class DDs
Beograd class DDs
Osvetnik class subs
Hrabi class subs
Gunboat Beli Orao
Royal Thai Navy
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Taksin class
Ratanakosindra class
Sri Ayuthia class
Puket class
Tachin class
Sinsamudar class sub
Minor Navies
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Albania
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Latvia
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San Salvador
Sarawak
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zanzibar
✈ Naval Aviation
Latest entries
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WW1
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Cold War
USN aviation
☍ See the Page
Douglas DT (1921)
Naval Aircraft Factory PT (1922)
Loening OL (1923)
Huff-Daland TW-5 (1923)
Martin MO (1924)
Consolidated NY (1926)
Vought FU (1927)
Vought O2U/O3U Corsair (1928)
Berliner-Joyce OJ (1931)
Curtiss SOC seagull (1934)
Grumman FF (1931)
Grumman F2F (1933)
Grumman F3F (1935)
Northrop BT-1 (1935)
Grumman J2F Duck (1936)
Curtiss SBC Helldiver (1936)
Vought SB2U Vindicator (1936)
Brewster F2A Buffalo (1937)
Douglas TBD Devastator (1937)
Vought Kingfisher (1938)
Curtiss SO3C Seamew (1939)
Douglas SBD Dauntless (1939)
Grumman F4F Wildcat (1940)
Northrop N-3PB Nomad (1941)
Brewster SB2A Buccaneer (1941)
Grumman TBF/TBM Avenger (1941)
Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf (1941)
Grumman F6F Hellcat (1942)
Vought F4U Corsair (1942) ➚
F4U Corsair (NE)
Curtiss SB2C Helldiver (1942)
Curtiss SC Seahawk (1944)
Douglas BTD Destroyer (1944)
Grumman F7F Tigercat (1943)
Grumman F8F Bearcat (1944)
Ryan FR-1 Fireball (1944)
Douglas XTB2D-1 Skypirate (1945) ➚
Douglas AD-1 Skyraider (1945)
Aeromarine 40 (1919)
Naval Aircraft Factory PN (1925)
Douglas T2D (1927)
Consolidated P2Y (1929)
Hall PH (1929)
Douglas PD (1929)
Douglas Dolphin (1931)
General Aviation PJ (1933)
Consolidated PBY Catalina (1935)
Fleetwings Sea Bird (1936)
Sikorsky VS-44 (1937)
Grumman G-21 Goose (1937)
Consolidated PB2Y Coronado (1937)
Beechcraft M18 (1937)
Sikorsky JRS (1938)
Boeing 314 Clipper (1938)
Martin PBM Mariner (1939)
Grumman G-44 Wigeon (1940)
Martin Mars (1943)
Goodyear GA-2 Duck (1944)
Edo Ose (1945) ➚
Hugues Hercules (1947)
Fleet Air Arm
☍ See the Page
Carrier planes
Fairey Flycatcher (1922)
Blackburn Backburn (1923)
Blackburn Dart (1924)
Blackburn Ripon (1926)
Fairey IIIF (1927)
Fairey Seal (1930)
Vickers Vildebeest (1933)
Blackburn Shark (1934)
Blackburn Baffin (1934)
Fairey Swordfish (1934)
Blackburn Skua (1937)
Gloster Sea Gladiator (1937)
Blackburn Roc (1938)
Fairey Albacore (1940)
Fairey Fulmar (1940)
Grumman Martlet (1941)
Hawker sea Hurricane (1941)
Brewster Bermuda (1942)
Fairey Barracuda (1943)
De Havilland Mosquito FB Mk.XVIII (1942)
Grumman Gannet (1942)
Supermarine seafire (1942)
Grumman Tarpon (1943)
Fairey Firefly (1943)
Blackburn Firebrand (1944)
Hawker Sea Fury (1944)
Supermarine Seafang (1945)
De Havilland Sea Mosquito (1945)
De Havilland Sea Hornet (1946)
Floatplanes/seaplanes
Supermarine Channel (1919)
Supermarine Sea King (1920)
Fairey Pintail (1920)
Supermarine Seagull (1922)
Fairey N.4 (1923)
Vickers Viking (1924)
Supermarine Scarab (1924)
English Electric Kingston (1924)
Blackburn Velos (1925)
Supermarine Southampton (1925)
Blackburn Iris (1926)
Saro A.17 Cutty Sark (1929)
Saro A.19 Cloud (1930)
Short Rangoon (1930)
Short Kent (1931)
Hawker Osprey (1932)
Saro London (1934)
Short S.19 Singapore (1934)
Supermarine Scapa (1935)
Supermarine Stranraer (1936)
Supermarine Walrus (1936)
Fairey Seafox (1936)
Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp (1937)
Short Sunderland (1937)
Supermarine Sea Otter (1938)
Short S.30/33 Empire (1938)
Saro A36 Lerwick (1940)
Short S35 Shetland (1944)
Short Seaford (1944)
IJN aviation
☍ See the Page
Mitsubishi 1MF (1923)
Nakajima A1N (1930)
Nakajima A2N (1932)
Mitsubishi A5M "Claude" (1935)
Nakajima A4N (1935)
Mitsubishi A6M "zeke" (1940)
Nakajima J1N Gekko "Irving" (1941)
Mitsubishi J2M Raiden "Jack" (1942)
Kawanishi N1K-J Shiden "George" (1942)
Nakajima J5N Tenrai (1944)
Aichi S1A Denko* (1944)
Mitsubishi A7M reppu* (1944)
Mitsubishi J8M1 Shusui* (1945)
Mitsubishi J8M2 Shusui-kai* (1945)
Kyushu J7W Shinden* (1945)
Nakajima J9Y Kikka* (1945)
Mitsubishi 1MT (1922)
Mitsubishi B1M (1923)
Mitsubishi B2M (1932)
Kugisho B3Y (1932)
Aichi D1A "Susie" (1934)
Yokosuka B4Y "Jean" (1935)
Mitsubishi B5M "Mabel" (1937)
Nakajima B5N "Kate" (1937)
Aichi D3A "Val" (1940)
Nakajima B6N "Jill" (1941)
Aichi B7A "Grace" (1942)
Nakajima C6N Saiun "Myrt" (1942)
Yokosuka D4Y "Judy" (1942)
Yokosuka MXY-7 "Baka" (1944)
Mitsubishi G3M "Nell" (1935)
Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" (1941)
Kawanishi P1Y Ginga "Frances" (1943)
Kyushu Q1W Tokai "Lorna" (1943)
Tachikawa Ki-74 "Patsy" (1944)
Nakajima G8N Renzan "Rita" (1944)
Mitsubishi K3M "Pine" (1930)
Nakajima C2N1 (1931)
Yokosuka K5Y1 "Willow" (1933)
Nakajima L1N1 (1937)
Kawanishi H6K2/4-L (1938)
Kyushu K10W1 "Oak" (1941)
Kyushu K11W1 Shiragiku (1942)
Mitsubishi L4M1 (1942)
Nakajima G5N Shinzan "Liz" (1942)
Yokosuka L3Y "Tina" (1942)
Kyushu Q1W1-K "Lorna"(1943)
Aichi M6A1-K Nanzan (1943)
Yokosuka MXY-7K-1 "Kai" (1944)
Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa (1945)
Hiro H1H (1926)
Yokosuka E1Y (1926)
Nakajima E2N (1927)
Aichi E3A (1929)
Yokosuka K4Y (1930)
Nakajima E4N (1931)
Nakajima E8N "Dave" (1935)
Kawanishi E7K "Alf" (1935)
Kawanishi E11K1 (1937)
Aichi E11A "Laura" (1938)
Watanabe E9W (1938)
Watanabe K8W* (1938)
Mitsubishi F1M "pete" (1941)
Nakajima E14Y "Glen" (1941)
Aichi E13A "Jake" (1941)
Aichi H9A (1942)
Nakajima A6M2-N (1942)
Kawanishi E15K Shiun (1942)
Kawanishi N1K1 "Rex" (1943)
Aichi E16A "Zuiun" (1944)
Aichi M6A1 Seiran (1945)
Kawanishi E11K* (1937)
Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" (1938)
Kawanishi K6K* (1938)
Kawanishi H6K3 (1939)
Kawanishi K8K (1940)
Kawanishi H8K "Emily" (1942)
Yokosuka H5Y "Cherry" (1936)
Mitsubishi 2MR (1923)
Yokosho K1Y (1924)
Yokosuka K2Y (1928)
Mitsubishi K3M "Pine" (1930)
Hitachi LXG1 (1934)
Kyushu K10W "Oak" (1943)
Italian Aviation
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CANT 6
CANT 18
CANT 25
CANT 25
CANT Z.501 Gabbiano
CANT Z.506 Airone
CANT Z.515
CANT Z.511
CANT Z.515
Caproni Ca.316
Fiat CR.20 Idro
Fiat RS.14
IMAM Ro.43
IMAM Ro.44
Macchi M18
Macchi M24
Macchi M41
Macchi M53
Macchi M71
Piaggio P6
Piaggio P8
Savoia-Marchetti S.55
Savoia-Marchetti S.57
Savoia-Marchetti S.59
Savoia-Marchetti SM.62
SIAI S.16
SIAI S.67
French Aeronavale
☍ See the Page
Levasseur PL5/9 (1924)
Wibault 74 (1926)
CAMS 37 (1926)
Gourdou-Leseurre GL.300 series (1926-39)
Levasseur PL7 (1928)
Levasseur PL10 (1929)
Latécoere 290 (1931)
Breguet 521/22/23 (1931)
Leo H257 bis (1932)
Latécoere 300 series (1932)
Morane 226 (1934)
Dewoitine 376 (1934)
Latécoere 321 (1935)
Potez 452 (1935)
Latécoere 38.1 (1936)
Loire 210 (1936)
Leo H43 (1936)
Levasseur PL107 (1937)
Loire 130 (1937)
Dewoitine HD.730 (1938)
Latecoere 298 (1938)
LN 401 (1938)
Soviet Naval Aviation
Shavrov SH-2 (1928)
Tupolev TB-1P (1931)
Tupolev MR-6 (1933)
Beriev MBR-2 (1930)
Beriev Be-2 (1936)
Beriev BE-4 (1940)
Tupolev MTB-1 (1941)
Tupolev MTB-2 (1942)
Luftwaffe (Naval)
☍ See the Page
Arado 197 (1937)
Fieseler Fi-167 (1938)
Junkers Ju-87C (1938)
Messerschmitt Me 109T (1941)
Messerschmitt 155 (1944)
Heinkel HE 1 (1921)
Caspar U1 (1922)
Dornier Do J Wal (1922)
Dornier Do 16 ‘Wal’ (1923)
Heinkel HE 2 (1923)
Junkers A 20/Ju 20 (1923)
Rohrbach Ro II (1923)
Rohrbach Ro III (1924)
Dornier Do D (1924)
Dornier Do E (1924)
Junkers G 24 (1924)
Rohrbach Ro IV (1925)
Heinkel HD 14 (1925)
Heinkel HE 25 (1925)
Heinkel HE 26 (1925)
Heinkel HE 24 (1926)
Heinkel HE 4 (1926)
Junkers W 33/34 (1926)
Heinkel HE 5 (1926)
Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe (1926)
Rohrbach Ro V Rocco (1927)
Heinkel HE 31 (1927)
Heinkel HE 8 (1927)
Arado W II (1928)
Heinkel HD 9 (1928)
Heinkel HD 16 (1928)
Heinkel He 55 (1929)
Heinkel He 56 (1929)
Arado SSD I (1930)
Junkers Ju 52w (1930)
Heinkel HE 42 (1931)
Heinkel He 50 (1931)
Heinkel He 59 (1931)
Arado Ar 66 (1932)
Heinkel He 58 (1932)
Junkers Ju 46 (1932)
Klemm Kl 35bW (1932)
Heinkel He 62 (1932)
Heinkel He 60 (1933)
Heinkel He 51w (1933)
Arado Ar 95 (1937)
Arado Ar 196 (1937)
Arado Ar 199 (1939)
Blohm & Voss Ha 139 (1936)
Blohm & Voss BV 138 (1937)
Blohm & Voss Ha 140 (1937)
Blohm & Voss BV 222 (1938)
Blohm & Voss BV 238 (1942)
Dornier Do 24/318 (1937)
Dornier Do 18 (1935)
Dornier Do 26 (1938)
Dornier Do 22 (1938)
DFS Seeadler (1936)
Focke-Wulf Fw 58W (1935)
Focke-Wulf Fw 62 (1937)
Heinkel He 114 (1936)
Heinkel He 115 (1936)
Heinkel He 119 (1936)
Dutch Naval Aviation
Fokker W.3 (1915)
Fokker T.II (1921)
Fokker B.I/III (1922)
Fokker B.II (1923)
Fokker T.III (1924)
Fokker T.IV (1927)
Fokker B.IV (1928)
Fokker C.VII W (1928)
Fokker C.VIII W (1929)
Fokker C.XI W (1934)
Fokker C.XIV-W (1937)
Fokker T.VIII-W (1939)
☢ The Cold War
☭ WARSAW PACT
Sovietskiy flot
☍ See the Page
Cold War Soviet Cruisers (1947-90)
Chapayev class (1945)
Kynda class (1961)
Kresta I class (1964)
Kresta II class (1968)
Kara class (1969)
Kirov class (1977)
Slava class (1979)
Moksva class (1965)
Kiev class (1975)
Kusnetsov class aircraft carriers (1988)
Cold War Soviet Destroyers
Skoryi class destroyers (1948)
Neustrashimyy (1951)
Kotlin class (1953)
Kildin class (1959)
Krupny class (1959)
Kashin class (1963)
Kanin class (1967)
Sovremenny class (1978)
Udaloy class (1980)
Project Anchar DDN (1988)
Soviet Frigates
Kola class (1951)
Riga class (1954)
Petya class (1960)
Mirka class (1964)
Grisha class (1968)
Krivak class (1970)
Koni class (1976)
Neustrashimyy class (1988)
Soviet Missile Corvettes
Poti class (1962)
Nanuchka class (1968)
Pauk class (1978)
Tarantul class (1981)
Dergach class (1987)
Svetlyak class (1989)
Cold War Soviet Submarines
Whiskey SSK (1948)
Zulu SSK (1952)
Quebec SSK (1950)
Romeo SSK (1957)
November SSN (1957)
Golf SSB (1957)
Hotel SSBN (1959)
Echo I SSGN (1959)
Echo II SSGN (1961)
Juliett SSG (1962)
Foxtrot SSK (1963)
Victor SSN I (1965)
Yankee SSBN (1966)
Alfa SSN (1967)
Charlie SSGN (1968)
Papa SSGN (1968)
Victor II SSN (1971)
Tango SSK (1972)
Delta I SSBN (1972)
Delta II SSBN (1975)
Victor III SSN (1977)
Delta III SSBN (1976)
Delta IV SSBN (1980)
Typhoon SSBN (1980)
Oscar SSGN (1980)
Sierra SSN (1982)
Mike SSN (1983)
Akula SSN (1984)
Kilo SSK (1986)
Soviet Naval Air Force
Kamov Ka-10 Hat
Kamov Ka-15 Hen
Kamov Ka-18 Hog
Kamov Ka-25 Hormone
Kamov Ka-27 Helix
Mil Mi-14 Haze
Mil Mi-4 Hound
Yakovlev Yak-38
Sukhoi Su-17
Sukhoi Su-24
Ilyushin Il-28 Beagle
Myasishchev M-4 Bison
Tupolev Tu-14 Bosun
Tupolev Tu-142
Ilyushin Il-38
Tupolev Tu-16
Antonov An-12
Tupolev Tu-22
Tupolev Tu-95
Tupolev Tu-22M
Tupolev Tu-16
Tupolev Tu-22
Beriev Be-6 Madge
Beriev Be-10 Mallow
Beriev Be-12
Lun class Ekranoplanes
A90 Orlan Ekranoplanes
Soviet MTBs/PBs/FACs
P2 class FACs
P4 class FACs
P6 class FACs
P8 class FACs
P10 class FACs
Komar class FACs (1960)
Project 184 FACs
OSA class FACs
Shershen class FACs
Mol class FACs
Turya class HFL
Matka class HFL
Pchela class FACs
Sarancha class HFL
Babochka class HFL
Mukha class HFL
Muravey class HFL
MO-V sub-chasers
MO-VI sub-chasers
Stenka class sub-chasers
kronstadt class PBs
SO-I class PBs
Poluchat class PBs
Zhuk clas PBs
MO-105 sub-chasers
Project 191 River Gunboats
Shmel class river GB
Yaz class river GB
Piyavka class river GB
Vosh class river GB
Saygak class river GB
Soviet Minesweepers
T43 class
T58 class
Yurka class
Gorya class
T301 class
Project 255 class
Sasha class
Vanya class
Zhenya class
Almaz class
Sonya class
TR40 class
K8 class
Yevgenya class
Olya class
Lida class
Andryusha class
Ilyusha class
Alesha class
Rybak class
Baltika class
SChS-150 class
Project 696 class
Soviet Amphibious ships
MP 2 class
MP 4 class
MP 6 class
MP 8 class
MP 10 class
Polocny class
Ropucha class
Alligator class
Ivan Rogov class
Aist class HVC
Pomornik class HVC
Gus class HVC
T-4 class LC
Ondatra class LC
Lebed class HVC
Tsaplya class HVC
Utenov class
Warsaw Pact Navies
☍ See the Detail
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
East Germany
Parchim class corvettes (1985)
Hai class sub-chasers (1958)
Volksmarine's minesweepers
Volksmarine's FAC
Volksmarine's Landing ships
ORP Warzsawa (1970)
ORP Kaszub (1986)
Polish Landing ships
Polish FACs
Polish Patrol ships
Polish Minesweepers
Missile Destroyer Muntenia (1982)
Tetal class Frigates (1981)
Romanian river patrol crafts
✦ NATO
Bundesmarine
☍ See the Page
Destroyers
Zerstorer class DDs (1958)
Hamburg class DDs (1960)
Lütjens class missile DDs (1965)
Frigates
Gneisenau class FFs (1958)
Scharnhorst class FFs (1959)
Köln class FFs (1958)
Deutschland FFG (1960)
Bremen class FFs (1979)
Brandenbug class FFs (1992)
German cold-war subs (generic)
Hai class SSK (1957)
Type 201 class SSK (1961)
Type 202 class SSK (1965)
Type 205 class SSK (1962)
Type 206 class SSK (1971)
Type 209 class SSK (1972)
Misc.
Bundesmarine amphibious ships
Thetis class corvettes
Corvette Hans Burkner
Rhein class suppert ships
Mosel class support ships
Lahn class support ships
Fast Attack Crafts
Silbermöwe class FACs
Jaguar class FACs
Hugin/Pfeil FACs
Zobel class FACs
S41 class FACs
S61 class FACs
S71 class FACs
KW class PBs
Kw 15 class PBs
Neustadt class PBs
Mine warfare vessels
Bamberg class minelayers
Sachsenwald class mine transports
Type 319 minesweepers
Lindau class minesweepers
Vegesack class minesweepers
Schutze class minesweepers
Bundesmarine R Boote
Hansa inshore Ms.
Ariadne class inshore Ms.
Frauenlob class inshore Ms.
Holnis class indhore Ms.
Hameln class indhore Ms.
Frankentahl class indhore Ms.
Danish Navy
☍ See the Page
Hvidbjornen class Frigates (1962)
Frigate Beskytteren (1976)
Peder Skram class Frigates (1965)
Thetis class frigates (1989)
Bellona class corvettes (1955)
Niels Juel class corvettes (1979)
Delfinen class submarines (1958)
Narhvalen class submarines (1970)
Bille class Torpedo Boats (1946)
Flyvefisken class Torpedo Boats (1954)
Falken class Torpedo Boats (1960)
Soloven class Torpedo Boats (1962)
Willemoes class FAC (1976)
Flyvefisken class FAC (1989)
Daphne class Patrol Boats (1960)
Danish Minelayers
Danish Minesweepers
Dutch Navy
☍ See the Page
CV Karel Doorman (1948)
De Zeven Provinciën class cruisers (1945)
Holland class DDs (1953)
Friesland class DDs (1953)
Roodfier class Frigates (1953)
Frigate Lynx (1954)
Van Speijk class Frigates (1965)
Tromp class Frigates (1973)
Kortenaer class frigates (1976)
Van H. class Frigates (1983)
K. Doorman class Frigates (1988)
Dolfijn clas sub. (1959)
Zwaardvis class subs. (1970)
Walrus class subs. (1985)
ATD Rotterdam (1990s)
Dokkum class minesweepers (1954)
Alkmaar class minesweepers (1982)
Hellenic Navy
☍ See the Page
Hydra class FFs (1990)
Greek cold war Subs
Greek Amphibious ships
Greek MTBs/FACs
Greek Patrol Vessels
Irish Navy
☍ See the Page
Eithne class PBs (1983)
Cliona class PBs
Deidre/Emer class PBs
Orla class fast PBs
Marina Militare
☍ See the Page
Aircraft Carriers
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1983)
Conte di Cavour (2004)*
Trieste (2022)*
Cruisers
Missile cruiser Garibaldi (1960)
Doria class H. cruisers (1962)
Vittorio Veneto (1969)
Destroyers
Impetuoso class (1956)
Impavido class (1957)
Audace class (1971)
De La Penne class (1989)
Orizzonte class (2007)*
Frigates
Grecale class (1949)
Canopo class (1955)
Bergamini class (1960)
Alpino class (1967)
Lupo class (1976)
Maestrale class (1981)
Bergamini class (2013)*
Thaon di Revel class (2020)*
Corvettes (OPV)
Albatros class (1954)
De Cristofaro class (1965)
Minerva class (1987)
Cassiopeia class (1989)
Esploratore class (1997)*
Sirio class (2003)*
Commandanti class (2004)*
Submarines
Toti class (1967)
Sauro class (1976)
Pelosi class (1986)
Sauro class (1992)*
Todaro class (2006)*
Attack/Amphibious ships
San Giorgio LSD (1987)
Gorgona class CTS (1987)
Italian Landing Crafts (1947-2020)
Misc. ships
Folgore PB (1952)
Lampo class PBs (1960)
Freccia class PBs (1965)
Sparviero class GMHF (1973)
Stromboli class AOR (1975)
Anteo SRS (1980)
Etna class LSS (1988)
Vulcano AOR (1998)*
Elettra EWSS (2003)*
Etna AOR (2021)*
Mine warfare ships
Lerici class (1982)
Gaeta class (1992)*
Marine Nationale
☍ See the Page
Battleships
Jean Bart (1949)
Aircraft/Helicopter carriers
Dixmude (1946)
Arromanches (1946)
Lafayette class light carriers (1954)
PA 28 class project (1947)
Clemenceau class (1957)
Jeanne d'Arc (1961)
PA 58 (1958)
PH 75/79 (1975)
Charles de Gaulle (1994)
Cruisers
De Grasse (1946)
Chateaurenault class (1950)
Colbert (1956)
Destroyers
Surcouf class (1953)
Duperre class (1956)
La Galissonniere class (1960)
Suffren class (1965)
Aconit (1970)
Tourville class (1972)
G. Leygues class (1976)
Cassard class (1985)
Frigates
Le Corse class (1952)
Le Normand class (1954)
Cdt Riviere class (1958)
Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
Lafayette class (1990)
Corvettes
Estiennes D'Orves class (1973)
Floreal class (1990)
Submarines
La Creole class (1940)
Narval class (1954)
Arethuse class (1957)
Daphne class (1959)
Gymnote test SSBN (1964)
Le Redoutable SSBN (1967)
Agosta SSN (1974)
Rubis SSN (1979)
Amethyste SSN (1988)
Le Triomphant SSBN (started 1989)
Amphibian Ships
Issole (1958)
EDIC class (1958)
Trieux class (1958)
Ouragan lass (1963)
Champlain lass (1973)
Bougainville (1986)
Foudre class (1988)
CDIC lass (1989)
Misc. ships
Le Fougueux class (1958)
La Combattante class (1964)
Trident class (1976)
L'Audacieuse class (1984)
Grebe class (1989)
Sirius class (1952)
Circe class (1972)
Eridan class (1979)
Vulcain class (1986)
RCAN
☍ See the Page
HCMS Bonaventure (1957)
St Laurent class DDE (1951)
Algonquin class DDE (1952)
Restigouche class DDs (1954)
Mackenzie class DDs (1961)
Annapolis class DDH (1963)
Iroquois class DDH (1970)
River (mod) 1955
Tribal class FFs (Pjct)
City class DDH (1988)
Ojibwa class sub. (1964)
Kingston class MCFV (1995)
Royal Navy
☍ See the Page
Cold War Aircraft Carriers
Centaur class (1947)
HMS Victorious (1957)
HMS Eagle (1946)
HMS Ark Royal (1950)
HMS Hermes (1953)
CVA-01 class (1966 project)
Invincible class (1977)
Cold War Cruisers
Tiger class (1945)
Destroyers
Daring class (1949)
1953 design (project)
Cavendish class (1944)
Weapon class (1945)
Battle class (1945)
FADEP program (1946)
County class GMD (1959)
Bristol class GMD (1969)
Sheffield class GMD (1971)
Manchester class GMD (1980)
Type 43 GMD (1974)
British cold-war Frigates
Rapid class (1942)
Tenacious class (1941)
Whitby class (1954)
Blackwood class (1953)
Leopard class (1954)
Salisbury class (1953)
Tribal class (1959)
Rothesay class (1957)
Leander class (1961)
BB Leander class (1967)
HMS Mermaid (1966)
Amazon class (1971)
Broadsword class (1976)
Boxer class (1981)
Cornwall class (1985)
Duke class (1987)
British cold war Submarines
T (conv.) class (1944)
T (Stream) class (1945)
A (Mod.) class (1944)
Explorer class (1954)
Strickleback class (1954)
Porpoise class (1956)
Oberon class (1959)
HMS Dreanought SSN (1960)
Valiant class SSN (1963)
Resolution class SSBN (1966)
Swiftsure class SSN (1971)
Trafalgar class SSN (1981)
Upholder class (1986)
Vanguard class SSBN (started)
Assault ships
Fearless class (1963)
HMS Ocean (started)
Sir Lancelot LLS (1963)
Sir Galahad (1986)
Ardennes/Avon class (1976)
Brit. LCVPs (1963)
Brit. LCM(9) (1980)
Minesweepers/layers
Ton class (1952)
Ham class (1947)
Ley class (1952)
HMS Abdiel (1967)
HMS Wilton (1972)
Hunt class (1978)
Venturer class (1979)
River class (1983)
Sandown class (1988)
Misc. ships
HMS Argus ATS (1988)
Ford class SDF (1951)
Cormorant class (1985)
Kingfisger class (1974)
HMS Jura OPV (1975)
Island class OPVs (1976)
HMS Speedy PHDF (1979)
Castle class OPVs (1980)
Peacock class OPVs (1982)
MBT 538 class (1948)
Gay class FACs (1952)
Dark class FACs (1954)
Bold class FACs (1955)
Brave class FACs (1957)
Tenacity class PCs (1967)
Brave class FPCs (1969)
Spanish Armada
☍ See the Page
Dédalo aircraft carrier (1967)
Principe de Asturias (1982)
Alava class DDs (1946)
Audaz class DDs (1955)
Oquendo class DDs (1956)
Roger de Lauria class (1967)
Baleares class FFs (1971)
Descubierta class FFs (1978)
Numancia class FFs (1987)
Pizarro class gunboats (1944)
Artevida class Cvs (1952)
Serviola class Cvs (1990)
Spanish cold-war submarines
Spanish FACs
Spanish Minesweepers
Svenska Marinen
☍ See the Page
Tre Kronor class (1946)
Öland class DDs (1945)
Halland class DDs (1952) (1945)
Ostergotland class DDs (1956)
Spica III class Corvettes (1984)
Goteborg class Corvettes (1989)
U1 class subs (mod.1963)
Hajen class subs (1954)
Sjoormen class subs (1967)
Nacken class subs (1978)
Vastergotland class subs (1986)
Gotland class subs (1995)
T32 class MTBs (1951)
T42 class MTBs (1955)
Plejad class FACs (1951)
Spica I class FACs (1966)
Spica II class FACs (1972)
Hugin class FACs (1973)
Swedish Patrol Boats
Swedish minesweepers
Swedish Icebreakers
Taiwanese Navy
☍ See the Page
Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
Fuh Chow class FAC
Lung Chiang class FAC
Hai Ou class FAC(M)
MWW 50 class minehunters
Turkish Navy
☍ See the Page
Berk class FFs (1971)
Atilay class sub. (1974)
Cakabey class LST
Osman Gazi class LST
Turkish Fast Attack Crafts
Turkish Patrol Boats
USN (cold war)
☍ See the Page
Aircraft carriers
United States class (1950)
Essex SBC-27 (1950s)
Midway class (mod)
Forrestal class (1954)
Kitty Hawk class (1960)
USS Enterprise (1960)
Nimitz Class (1972)
Iowa Class (cold war)
Cruisers
Des Moines Class (1947)
Worcester Class (1948)
Boston Class (1955)
Galveston Class (1958)
Providence Class (1958)
Albany Class (1962)
USS Long Beach (1960)
Leahy Class (1961)
USS Bainbridge (1961)
Belknap Class (1963)
USS Truxtun (1964)
California Class (1971)
Virginia Class (1974)
CSGN Class (1976)
Ticonderoga Class (1981)
Destroyers
Mitscher class (1952)
Fletcher DDE (1950s)
USS Norfolk (1953)
F. Sherman class (1956)
Farragut class (1958)
Charles F. Adams class (1958)
Gearing FRAM I class (1960s)
Sumner FRAM II class (1970s)
Spruance class (1975)
Frigates
Dealey class (1953)
Claud Jones class (1958)
Bronstein class (1962)
Garcia class (1963)
Brooke class (1963)
Knox class (1966)
OH Perry class (1976)
Submarines
Guppy class Submarines (1946-59)
Barracuda class SSK (1951)
Tang class SSK (1951)
USS Darter SSK (1956)
Mackerel class SSK (1953)
USS Albacore SSK (1953)
USS X1 Midget subs (1955)
Barbel class SSK (1958)
USS Nautilus SSN (1954)
USS Seawolf SSN (1955)
Skate class SSN (1957)
Skipjack class SSN (1958)
USS Tullibee SSN (1960)
Tresher/Permit class SSN (1960)
Sturgeon class SSN (1963)
Los Angeles class SSN (1974)
Seawolf class SSN (1989)
Grayback class SSBN (1957)
USS Halibut SSBN (1959)
Gato SSG (1960s)
E. Allen class SSBN (1960)
G. Washington class SSBN (1969)
Lafayette class SSBN (1962)
Ohio class SSBN (1979)
Migraine class RP (1950s)
Sailfish class RP (1955)
USS Triton class RP (1958)
Amphibious/assault ships
Iwo Jima class HC (1960)
Tarawa class LHD (1973)
Wasp class LHD (1987)
Thomaston class LSD (1954)
Raleigh class LSD (1962)
Austin class LSD (1964)
Anchorage class LSD (1968)
Whibdey Island class LSD (1983)
Parish class LST (1952)
County class LST (1957)
Newport class LST (1968)
Tulare class APA (1953)
Charleston class APA (1967)
USS Carronade support ship (1953)
Mine warfare ships
Agile class (1952)
Ability (1956)
Avenger (1987)
USS Cardinal (1983)
Adjutant class (1953)
USS Cove (1958)
USS Bittern (1957)
Minesweeping boats/launches
Misc. ships
USS Northampton CS (1951)
Blue Ridge class CS (1969)
Wright class CS (1969)
PT812 class (1950)
Nasty class FAC (1962)
Osprey class FAC (1967)
Asheville class FACs (1966)
USN Hydrofoils (1962-81)
Vietnam Patrol Boats (1965-73)
Coastguard
Hamilton class (1965)
Reliance class (1963)
Bear class (1979)
cold war CG PBs
☯ ASIA
Chinese Navy
☍ See the Page
Chinese Destroyers
Type 7 Anshan class (1955)
Type 051 Luda class (1972)
Type 052 Luhu Class (1991)
Chinese Frigates
Type 065 Chengdu class (1956)
Type 065 Jiangnan class (1967)
Type 053K Jiangdong class (1973)
Type 053H Jianghu class (1977)
Type 053H2G Jiangwei I class (1990)
Chinese Submarines
Type 03 class (1956)
Type 033 class (1963)
Ming class (1973)
Han class SSN (1970)
Xia class SSBN (1981)
Wuhan class SSBN (1987)
Attack ships
Huchuan class THF (1966)
Hoku class FAC (1965)
Huangfeng class FAC (1966)
Hola class FAC (1966)
Houxin/Houjian class FAC (1990s)
Chinese Landing ships/crafts
Yu Ling class LST (1971)
Yukan class LST (1978)
Yudao class LST (1980)
Yunnan class LC (1968)
Chinese Patrol vessels
Huangpu class RPC (1950)
Shantou class CPC (1956)
Shanghai class LPC (1959)
Hainan class LPC (1964)
Yulin class RPC (1964)
Haikou class LPC (1968)
Haijui class LPfC (1987)
Chinese Minesweepers
Indian Navy
☍ See the Page
Vikrant class CVs (1961)
Viraat class CVs (1986)
Cruiser Delhi (1948)
Cruiser Mysore (1957)
Raja class DDs (1949)
Rajput class DDs (1980)
Delhi class DDs (1990)
Khukri class FFs (1956)
Talwar class FFs (1958)
Brahmaputra class FFs (1957)
Nilgiri class FFs (1968)
Godavari class FFs (1980)
Kusura class subs (1970)
Shishumar class subs (1984)
Sindhugosh class subs (1986)
Indian Amphibious ships
Indian corvettes (1969-90)
Khukri class corvettes (1989)
SDB Mk.2 class PBs (1977)
Vikram class OPVs (1979)
Sukanya class OPVs (1989)
Indonesian Navy
☍ See the Page
Fatahilla class Frigates (1977)
Pattimura class corvettes (1956)
Indonesian Marines
Indonesian Mine Vessels
Indonesian FAC/OPVs
JMSDF
☍ See the Page
JMSDF Destroyers
Harukaze class DD (1955)
Ayanami class DD (1957)
Murasame class DD (1958)
Akizuki class DD (1959)
Amatukaze missile DD (1963)
Yamagumo class DDE (1965)
Takatsuki class DD (1966)
Minegumo class DDE (1967)
Haruna class DDH (1971)
Tachikaze class DD (1974)
Shirane class DDH (1978)
Hatsuyuki class DDs (1980)
Hatakaze class DDs (1984)
Asigiri class DDs (1986)
Kongo class DDs (started 1990)
JMSDF Frigates
Akebono class FFs (1955)
Isuzu class FFs (1961)
Chikugo class FFs (1970)
Ishikari class FFs (1980)
Yubari class FFs (1982)
Abukuma class FFs (1988)
JMSDF submarines
Oyashio class Sub. (1959)
Hayashio class Sub. (1961)
Natsushio class Sub. (1963)
Oshio class Sub. (1964)
Uzushio class Sub. (1970)
Yushio class Sub. (1979)
Harushio class Sub. (1989)
JMSDF Misc. ships
Japanese Landing Ships
Japanese Large Patrol Ships
Japanese Patrol Crafts
Japanese Minesweepers
Japanese Sub-chasers
North Korean Navy
☍ See the Page
Najin class Frigates
Experimental Frigate Soho
Sariwan class Corvettes
Sinpo class subs.
Sang-O class subs.
Yono class subs.
Yugo class subs.
Hungnam class LCM
Hante class LST
Songjong class HVC
Sin Hung/Ku Song FACs
Anju class FACs
Iwon class FACs
Chaho class FACs
Hong Jin class FAC-G
Sohung class MTBs
Sinpo class MTBs
Nampo class FALC
Philippines Navy
☍ See the Page
Datu Kalantian class Frigates (1976)
Bacolod City class LS(L)
Philippino Patrol Crafts
ROKN
☍ See the Page
Ulsan class frigates (1980)
Pohang class corvettes (1984)
Dong Hae class corvettes (1982)
Han Kang class patrol corvettes (1985)
Chamsuri (PKM 268) PBs (1978)
ROKS coast guard vessels
Paek Ku class FAC (1975)
Kang Keong class minehunters (1986)
Taiwanese Navy
☍ See the Page
Kwang Hua class FFs (1991)
Kwang Hua II class FFs (1993)
Hai Lung class sub. (1986)
LCU 1466 class LCU (1955)
Fuh Chow class FAC
Lung Chiang class FAC
Hai Ou class FAC(M)
MWW 50 class minehunters
☪ MIDDLE EAST
IDF Navy
☍ See the Page
Eilat class Corvettes (1993)
SAAR 5 Project
SAAR 1 FAC
SAAR 4 FAC
SAAR 4.5 FAC
Dvora class FAC
Shimrit class MHFs
IDF FACs/PBs
Etzion Geber LST
Ash class LCT
Iranian Navy
☍ See the Page
Destroyer Artemiz (1965)
Bayandor class FFs (1963)
Alvand class FFs (1969)
Khalije Fars class DDs (2016)*
♅ OCEANIA
RAN
☍ See the Page
HMAS Sydney (1948*)
HMAS Melbourne (1955*)
Tobruk class DDs (1947)
Voyager class DDs (1952)
Perth class MDD (1963)
Quadrant class FFs (1953)
Yarra class FFs (1958)
Swan class FFs (1967)
Adelaide class MFFs (1978)
Anzac class MFFs (1990s)
Oxley class subs (1965)
Collins class subs (1990s)
Australian Amphibious ships
Fremantle class PBs
Royal New Zealand Navy
☍ See the Page
HMNZS Royalist (1956)
Pukaki class patrol Crafts (1974)
Moa class patrol crafts (1983)
HMNZS Aotearoa (2019)*
☩ South America
Argentina
☍ See the Page
ARA Independencia (1958)
ARA Veinticinco de Mayo (1968)
Belgrano class cruisers (1951)
Almirante Brown class Frigates (1981)
Mantilla class corvettes (1981)
Espora class corvettes (1982)
Salta class submarines (1972)
Santa Cruz class submarines (1982)
Brazilian Navy
☍ See the Page
Minas Gerais aircraft carrier (1956)
Cruiser Barroso (1951)
Cruiser Tamandare (1951)
Acre class destroyers (1945)
Niteroi class Frigates (1974)
Ihnauma class Frigate (1986)
Tupi class submarines (1987)
Brazilian patrol ships
Chilean Navy
☍ See the Page
O'Higgins class cruisers
Lattore Cruiser (1971)
Almirante class destroyers (1960)
Prat class M. Destroyers (1982)
Almirante Lynch class Frigates (1972)
Thomson class subs (1982)
Small surface combatants
Peruvian Navy
☍ See the Page
Almirante Grau(ii) class
Almirante Grau(iii) class
Abtao class sub.
PR-72P class corvettes
Velarde class OPVs
℣ AFRICA
Egyptian Navy
☍ See the Page
October class FAC/M (1975)
Ramadan class FAC/M (1979)
South African Navy
☍ See the Page
Wager class destroyers (1950)
President class Frigates (1960)
Maria Van Riebeeck class subs (1969)
Astrant class subs (1977)
Minister class FAC(M) (1977)
SANDF Minesweepers
☫ Minor cold war/modern Navies
✚ MORE
⚔ Cold War Naval Events
⚔ Indochina War naval ops
⚔ Korean War naval ops
⚔ 1956 intervention in Suez
⚔ 1960 Cuban crisis
⚔ 1960 US/Soviet compared strenghts
⚔ 1963-69 Algerian war naval ops
⚔ Naval warfare in Vietnam
⚔ Middle East naval fights
⚔ 1980 Falkland wars
⚔ 1990 Gulf War
⚔ Modern Navies
⚔ Modern PLAN
✈ Cold War Naval Aviation
See the full section
Seaplanes
Grumman Mallard 1946
Edo OSE-1 1946
Short Solent 1946
de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver 1947
Grumman Albatross 1947
Hughes H-4 Hercules (completed & first flight, prototype)
Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 1947 (jet fighter seaplane prototype)
Short Sealand 1947
Martin P5M Marlin 1948
Supermarine Seagull ASR-1 1948 (prototype successor to the Walrus)
Nord 1400 Noroit 1949
Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A (interesting Norwegian prototype)
SNCASE SE-1210 French prototype flying boat 1949
Convair R3Y Tradewind USN patrol flying boat 1950
Goodyear Drake (proto seaboat) 1950
de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter 1951 (RCAN)
Saunders-Roe Princess 1952 (RN requisition possible)
Convair F2Y Sea Dart Prototype delta jet fighter seaplane 1953
Martin P6M SeaMaster strategic bomber flying boat 1955
Ikarus Kurir H 1957
Shin Meiwa UF-XS prototype 1962
Shin Meiwa PS-1 patrol flying boat 1967
Canadair CL-215 1967 water bomber, some operated by the RCAN
GAF Nomad patrol australian land/floatplane 1971
Harbin SH-5 Main PLAN patrol flying boat 1976
Cessna 208 Caravan transport flotplane (some navies) 1982
Dornier Seastar prototype 1984
Patrol Planes
ATR 42 MP Surveyor (Italy, 1984)
ATR 72 MP (Italy 1988)
ATR 72 ASW (France, 1988)
Breguet Atlantic (France 1965)
Nord 1402 Noroit (France 1949)
Avro Shackleton (UK 1949)
BAE Nimrod MRA4 (UK 2004)
Britten-Norman Defender/Islander (UK 1970)
Fairey Gannet (UK 1949)
Hawker-Siddeley Nimrod (UK 1967)
Beechcraft King Air (USA 1963)
Basler BT-67 (USA 1990)
Boeing 737 Surveiller (USA 1967)
Boeing P-8 Poseidon (USA 2009)
Lockheed P-2 Neptune (USA, 1945)
Lockheed P-3 Orion (USA 1959)
Martin P4M Mercator (USA 1946)
Convair P5Y (USA 1950)
Douglas/BSAS Turbo Dakota (USA 1991)
Bombardier DHC-8 MPA/MSA (Can 2007)
Canadair CP-107 Argus (Can 1957)
CASA C-212 MPA (Spain 1971)
CASA/IPTN CN-235 MPA/HC-144 Ocean Sentry (Spain 1983)
CASA C-295 MPA (Spain 1997)
Diamond DA42 Guardian (Austria 2002)
Dornier 228 (Germany 1981)
Embraer EMB 111 Bandeirante (Brazil 1968)
Embraer R-99 (Brazil 2001)
Embraer P-99 (Brazil 2003)
Fokker F27 200-MAR (NL 1955)
Fokker F27 Maritime Enforcer (NL 1955)
IAI 1124N Sea Scan (Israel 1977)
Kawasaki P-1 (Japan 2007)
Kawasaki P-2J (Japan 1966)
Saab Swordfish (Sweden 2016)
Shaanxi Y-8F,Q,X (China 1984)
Short Seavan (UK 1976)
Beriev Be-8 1947
Beriev Be-6 1949
Beriev R-1 turbojet prototype seaplane 1952
Beriev Be-10 1956
Beriev Be-12 Chaika 1960
Beriev Be-40/A-40 Albatross prototypes 1986
Chetverikov TA-1 1947
Ilyushin Il-38 'May' (USSR 1967)
Myasishchev 3M/3MD (USSR 1956)
Tupolev Tu-16T/PL/R/RM/SP (USSR 1952)
Tupolev Tu-95MR (USSR 1961)
Tupolev Tu-142 (USSR 1968)
Carrier Planes
USN
Douglas A-3 Skywarrior
Douglas A-4 Skyhawk
Douglas A2D Skyshark
Douglas AD Skyraider
Douglas F3D Skynight
Douglas F4D Skyray
Grumman A-6 Intruder
Grumman AF Guardian
Grumman C-1 Trader
Grumman C-2 Greyhound
Grumman E-1 Tracer
Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
Grumman EA-6B Prowler
Grumman F-9 Cougar
Grumman F9F Panther
Grumman F-11 Tiger
Grumman F-14 Tomcat ➚
Grumman S-2 Tracker
Lockheed Martin F-35B
Lockheed S-3 Viking ➚
McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
McDonnell Douglas T-45 Goshawk
McDonnell FH Phantom
McDonnell F2H Banshee
McDonnell F3H Demon
McDonnell-Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
North American A-5 Vigilante
North American AJ Savage
North American FJ Fury
North American T-2 Buckeye
North American T-28 Trojan
Vought A-7 Corsair
Vought F-8 Crusader
Vought F6U Pirate
Vought F7U Cutlass
Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
Boeing EA-18G Growler
RN
Blackburn Buccaneer
Boulton Paul Sea Balliol
BAe Sea Harrier
de Havilland Sea Vampire
de Havilland Sea Venom
de Havilland Sea Vixen
Fairey Gannet
Hawker Sea Hawk
Short Seamew
Westland Wyvern
Marine Nationale
Breguet Alizé
Dassault Étendard IV
Dassault Super Étendard
Dassault Rafale M
Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr M
SNCASE Aquilon
Soviet Navy
Sukhoi Su-25UTG/UBP
Sukhoi Su-33
Yakovlev Yak-38
Navy Helicopters
Chinese PLAN:
Harbin Z-5 (1958)
Harbin Z-9 Haitun (1981)
Changhe Z-8 (1985)
Harbin Z-20 (in development)
Italy:
Agusta Bell AB-205 (1961)
Agusta Bell AB-212 (1971)
Agusta AS-61 (1968)
India:
Hal Dhruv (Indian Navy)
France:
Alouette II (1955)
Alouette III (1959)
Super Frelon (1965)
Cougar ()
Panther ()
Super Cougar H225M ()
Fennec ()
MH-65 Dolphin ()
UH-72 Lakota ()
Germany:
MBB Bo 105 (1967)
NHIndustries NH90
Japan:
Mitsubishi H-60 (1987)
Poland:
PZL W-3 Sokół (1979)
Romania:
IAR 330M (1975)
United Kingdom:
Westland Lynx (1971)
Westland Scout (1960) RAN
Westland Sea King (1969)
Westland Wasp (1962)
Westland Wessex (1958)
Westland Whirlwind (1953)
Westland WS-51 Dragonfly (1948)
USA:
Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH
Hiller ROE Rotorcycle (1956)
Piasecki HRP Rescuer (1945)
Bell UH-1N Twin Huey (1969)
SH-2 Seasprite (1959)
SH-2G Super Seasprite (1982)
CH-53 Sea Stallion (1966)
SH-60 Seahawk (1979)
Sikorsky S-61R (1959)
MH-53E Sea Dragon (1974)
ussr:
Kamov Ka 20 (1958)
Ka-25 "Hormone" (1960)
Ka-27 "Helix" (1973)
Ka-31 (1987)
Ka-35 (2015)
Ka-40 (1990)
Mil-Mi 2 (1949)
Mil Mi-4 (1952)
Civilian
♆ WW1 US Shipping Board
☍ Emergency Fleet Corporation
☍
☍
Hog islander program
Design 1022 ships
Design 1023 ships
Design 1024 ships
Design 1001
♆ WW2 US Maritime Commission
>Liberty ships
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>Type C4
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Tankers T2
>Tankers T3
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