The 'Gin Palace'

HMS Agincourt was a singular ship. Yet, she not only became a worldwide sensation due to her unusual configuration, but she also changed hands three times: Ordered originally by Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) to counter Argentina, she was cancelled, repurchased by Turkey, and then requisitioned in August 1914 by the government. Originally, she was tailored to retake naval superiority in South America for Brazil after the Ridavia class was ordered, and therefore was designed with over a 30,000 tons fully loaded displacement, while her length reached two hundred meters overall, in order to stack no less than fourteen 12 inch guns (305 mm).

However, this arms race came to a halt due to a change in Brazil's government while she was still under construction. Turkey had a new deal signed until due to the outbreak of war, the battleship was requisitioned and eventually commissioned as HMS Agincourt. She would take part in all major RN operations of the war, including the battle of Jutland, but was no longer relevant in 1918 and thus was sold for breaking up in 1922, so barely ten years after launch, she was left as only her memory; the "Gin palace" showcasing the most impressive broadside of any British battleship up to this day.

Context of the order: The South-American arms race

Following the 1889 coup in Brazil which saw Emperor Dom Pedro II deposed, there was a revolt from the loyalist navy in 1893–94 navy. As a result, much of the Brazillian navy fell into neglect with no provisions being made to either shore up the fleet or purchase more ships. Chile, an old rival, was superseded by Argentina and was part of the early arms race. However, due to the strain the race took on Chile's budget, it agreed to a naval-limiting pact in 1902 with Argentina. This included them keeping their best and most recent ships, alarming the Brazilian government. The Brazilian Navy was indeed by then in a sorry state, while Chile possessed 36,896 long tons of warships, versus Argentina's 34,425 long tons, Brazil was left behind with 27,661 long tons while her population and economy was far larger.

Soon, international demand for coffee and rubber exploded and provided Brazil with newfound wealth. Due to Baron Rio Branco's rise to power, and his subsequent push for more international recognition for Brazil, the nation obtained from the National Congress of Brazil to vote for a large naval acquisition program in late 1904. At first, three small battleships were ordered in 1906, but the order was changed after seeing the launch of the Dreadnought. In March 1907, they signed a new contract for three Minas Geraes-class battleships.

This was rescinded into two ships because of the available yards from Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, and the order for the third was postponed; This order caused an international sensation, the press even believing it was a disguised order for Germany. Of course, this was noted by Argentina and Chile, which nullified their agreement and resumed their arms race, adding Brazil into the mix. Argentina took longer but ended with a contract awarded to the Fore River Shipbuilding Company for the Rivadavia class, Chile's being delayed by the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake (see Almirante Latorre). With Brazillian and Argentinian relations warming up, though, The latter attempted to persuade the Brazilians to cancel their third order. But this failed and Brazil ordered in effect a third dreadnought to Armstrong. The keel was laid down in March 1910, even while the design was not yet complete.


Minas Gerais, colorized by Irootoko fr.

Argentina took longer, but ended with a contract awarded to the Fore River Shipbuilding Company for the Rivadavia class, Chile's being delayed by the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake (see almirante Latorre). Brazil and Argentina relations warming up, though, had them trying to persuade the Brazilians accept to cancel their third order. But this failed and Brazil ordered in effect a third dreadnought to Armstrong. The keel was laid down in March 1910, while the design was not yet completed.

The Brazilian Navy indeed wanted something different for their main battery and ordered several drawings. The naval minister favoured more 12-inch guns on a modified Minas Geraes class, while Admiral Marques Leão favoured fast-firing guns of a slightly lower caliber, like the 10 inches planned for the initial pre-dreadnought order. Leão lobbied effectivly for his case to President Hermes da Fonseca, slowing the process, and in November 1910, the Revolt of the Lash, due to payments on loans and a worsening economy, marred the program's budgetary support. In May 1911, Fonseca revised the Rio de Janeiro (rated for a 32,000 tons tonnage with 14 in. guns). The contract was to be revised with a tonnage reduction. This final contract was signed on June 3rd 1911 and her keel laid on 14 September. The armament was changed due to the tonnage, down to fourteen 12-inch guns two more than the Minas Gerais class. However, the turret management was now open to debate.


(Brasseys)

Design

The debate about the armament quickly became the most interesting part of the design development. The core idea, proposed by the yard, was an all in-line configuration, which allowed a full broadside without the loss of a masked turret unlike the initial configuration of 1906-1910. The problem with that was the use of no less than fourteen guns. Triple gun turrets were considered, but the ring would have imposed a much larger vessel and 2x3, 4x2 configuration, with two triple amidship turrets to capitalize on the beam without compromising the hull structure too much still yielded a lower top speed. Also, no triple turret had been put into action yet, and the delay for the design would have pushed back the launch for a year, and Brazil wanted it quick. Therefore, a radical approach of an all-axial twin turret of a standard type in the Royal Navy was chosen, but it posed some problems.

off, to cram seven turrets in the axis while keeping the funnels, masts and superstructures imposed a rather long hull, and of course the necessity for superfiring positions. In the end, the solution chosen was two turrets forward, with the upper one superfiring, two at deck level amidship, and three on the aft deck, including one superfiring aft and another back behind the upper turret, guns pointing forward, facing the aft superstructure while amidship turrets were pointing outwards in opposite direction, back to back and separated by a pillar.

In the end, there were two superstructure "islands", one at the front containing two barbette guns at deck level, the conning tower, and the bridge, built around a tripod, with the funnel just behind. There was also the aft superstructure, which with an angular section to maximize the arc of fire, though comprising a funnel and the existence of an aft conning tower. The deck was covered by turrets for almost 50% of the ship's length. This was unique and Agincourt remained the only battleship ever built with such configuration. It inspired another design, prepared in UK but built in Japan at the same time, the Fuso class which had six axial turrets but with a heavier caliber, while the next Ise class in 1917 had their amidship pair superfiring, as for and aft pairs. One of the problems underlined by engineers was the fact that the number of holes in the deck tended to weaken the whole hull structure and it was the main reason behind the adoption of twin turrets.


Agincourt as completed in 1914. Note the gangway above the amidship turrets, linking the two superstructure islands.

Hull

In its final blueprint, the future Rio de Janeiro had a length of 671 feet 6 inches (204.7 m), an 89 feet (27 m) in beam, and a draught 29 feet 10 inches (9.1 m) deeply loaded. She was to displace 27,850 long tons (28,297 t) as completed standard, for 30,860 long tons (31,355 t) deeply loaded. Her metacentric height was 4.9 feet (1.5 m) ensuring relatively good stability. Due to her length/beam ratio, she was not supremely agile and had a large turning circle, however, her large rudder and underwater lines ensured she was quick to turn without much sheer. In the end, she was considered a good gun platform. After commission, the first reports came from her use. She was considered roomy and therefore less cramped with an excellent internal arrangement of living and working quarters. Due to the late change in attribution, a lot of the devices' indications installed and fittings, as well as instruction plates, were all in Portuguese. These were changed later. By 1917, her crew swelled to 1,268 officers and men.

Propulsion

Her propulsion system was not revolutionary. She was fitted with Parsons direct-drive steam turbines, four of them, each driving a propeller shaft. She was given high-pressure turbines on outwards shafts and low-pressure ones astern on the inwards shafts, each fitted with three-bladed propellers, 9 feet 6 inches (2.9 m) in diameter. These turbines were fed by high-pressure steam obtained from twenty-two Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers. They worked at an operating pressure of 235 psi (1,620 kPa; 17 kgf/cm2).

Performances:
Total output as indicated in the documentation was 34,000 shaft horsepower (25,000 kW). However in trials with overheating these figures rose to 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) and the top speed to 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph).

Autonomy:
The powerplant could be supplied with a normal, peacetime stock of 1,500 long tons (1,500 t) of coal. But her generous internal arrangements and with her underwater buoyancy chambers meant that she could hold 3,200 long tons (3,300 t) of coal, plus 620 long tons (630 t) of fuel oil. The latter was sprayed on the coal to increase the burn rate. At ten knots she was able to cover 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi). Electrical power came from four small RP engines mated to electrical generators.

Armament

Main Armament:

As we saw, her main artillery comprised seven twin turrets for a total of fourteen 12-inches guns. These were BL 12-inch Mk XIII 45-calibre models. The turrets were hydraulically powered. Since traditional turret naming was a bit odd there, the number seven pressed instead for the adoption of the days of the week. "Sunday" was therefore the foremost deck turret, formerly "A".

Depression/elevation angles: −3°/13.5° respectively.

Ammunition: 850-pound (386 kg) AP shell, with a muzzle velocity of 2,725 ft/s (831 m/s).

Range: At 13.5°, 20,000 yards (18,000 m) with AP shells.
Wartime modification: The mount was modified for a maximum elevation of 16° extending the range to 20,435 yards (18,686 m).

Rate of fire 1.5 rounds per minute.
As described by an officer on deck, the full broadside was impressive: "the resulting sheet of flame was big enough to create the impression that a battle cruiser had blown up; It was awe-inspiring." Agincourt was sturdy enough not to take any damage resulting due to these full broadsides, although officers in the mess saw all the tableware and glassware shatter.


HMS Agincourt in 1915 - the blueprints

Secondary Armament:

As designed, the battleship was served by slightly more secondary guns than main guns; eighteen BL 6-inch Mk XIII 50-calibre single casemates. Fourteen were in armoured casemates along the upper deck, two in the fore and aft superstructures protected by gun shields and two more abreast the bridge in pivot mounts, protected by gun shields.
Depression/Elevation: −7°/13° (wartime modifications 15°)
Range: 13,475 yards (12,322 m)/15°
Ammunition: 100-pound (45 kg) shell, muzzle velocity of 2,770 ft/s (840 m/s).
Supply: 150 rounds per gun, 1,700 total.
Rate of fire: 5-7 rounds per minute.
In reality this was closer to three rounds a minute after ready ammunition were used. Access via the the ammunition hoists was too slow. This was a common problem which conducted crews to often store ammunition and charges in unsafe places or left flash-doors open. The result of this was tragically shown at Jutland.

Fire control:

Each turret was given its own individual roof armoured rangefinder. A large one was mounted on top of the foretop. However, when it was built, no provision was made to include a Dreyer fire-control table, considered as a piece of top-secret and too sensitive equipment to end in a foreign navy; As a result, HMS Agincourt at Jutland was probably the only dreadnought deprived of this system, resulting in a less accurate fire. She would later receive a fire-control director below the foretop. Also, a turret was modified to control the entire main armament in 1917. At about the same time, directors were installed on either side of the superstructureto give fire control to the 6-inch (152 mm) guns. Also, a high-angle rangefinder was added in 1918 to the spotting top for the AA defense. A 9-foot (2.7 m) rangefinder was added to the former searchlight platform on the foremast in 1917.


HMS Agincourt in 1918 - the blueprints. Ultra HD profile.

Light artillery & torpedoes:

The ship also was fitted with ten 3-inch (76 mm) 45-calibre quick-firing guns. These were very standard rapid-fire ordnance from Vickers were mounted on the superstructure, all in pivot mounts. They were protected from shock from the main guns and splinters by gun shields. In addition, two high-angle 3-inch (76 mm) AA guns were placed on the quarterdeck in 1917–18.

HMS Agincourt like all battleships of that era carried three 21-inch (533 mm) submerged torpedo tubes. Two in the beam, one in the stern. There was a water dispersal system: Each time the tube was open and fired, water seeped into the torpedo flat, facilitating reloading and was pumped overboard afterwards. But this also meant in case the need to rapid-fire the system, the crew had to operate in 3 feet (0.9 m) of water. Ten torpedoes were stored. They were controlled by the aft conning tower.

Protection

The weight of the armament left a puzzle to engineers, and to compensate for it, the weight of the armour was lessened With this compromise agreed on, they started to reduce thicknesses in various places, like a four-stage armored deck arrangement, thinner belts at the ends, etc. By the end, the ship's protection was one of the weakest parts of the design.

-Waterline belt: 9 inches (229 mm) thick for 365 feet (111.3 m) from "Monday" to the "Friday" barbette. Down to 6-in for on 50 feet (15.2 m) and 4 in (102 mm) to the bow. Aft, it was reduced to 6 in on 30 feet (9.1 m) and 4-in but stopped at the rear bulkhead.
-Upper belt: Up from the main to the upper deck, 6-in and from "Monday" to "Thursday" barbettes.
-Armour bulkheads: 3-in, Closing the bow, were angled inwards from midships armoured belts to the end barbettes
-Armored Decks: Layered defense with four of them, from 1 to 2.5 in (25 to 64 mm).
-Barbettes: 9 in thick, above the upper deck, 3 in below to no armour below the main armored deck except the last three aft.
-The turret armour: 12 in (305 mm, face), 8 in (203 mm, sides), 10 in (254 mm, rear), 3 in (76 mm, roof).
-Casemates (secondary guns): 6 in plus 6-in bulkheads.
-Main conning tower: 12 in (305 mm) sides, 4-in (102 mm) roof.
-Aft conning tower: 9 in sides, 3 in roof.
-CT communications tube: 6 in above upper deck, 2 in below.
-Magazines: 1 in or 1-1.5 in side armour plates along the torpedo bulkheads

Agincourt, therefore, had major weaknesses in her protection, first a thinner underwater belt, weak barbettes, and poor ASW compartmentation. She was indeed not subdivided. The Brazilian staff indeed preferred to eliminate watertight bulkheads which could limit the size of the compartments available and interfere with the crew's comfort. The officer's wardroom for example was larger than in RN practice, being 85 by 60 feet (25.9 by 18.3 m) and it was ordered to be sumptuously decorated.
These weaknesses forced the Royal Navy to order the addition of 70 long tons (71 t) of high-tensile steel on the main deck after Jutland. The intent was to protect the magazines against plunging fire.

From Brazilian, to Turkish, to British

Sultan Osman I after launch, tugged to the site of her completion. src

From "Rio" to "Sultan Osman I"

Rio de Janeiro was laid down on 14 September 1911 at Armstrong, Newcastle upon Tyne. She was launched on 22 January 1913, but right after the keel-laying, the Brazilian government was confronted with an economic crisis: The catalyzer was the European depression following the Second Balkan War in August 1913. Soon after, Brazil was forced to renounce foreign loans while coffee and rubber exports plummeted notably due to the loss of rubber monopoly to competitors in the Far East. In addition, the Brazilian admiralty obtained clues of new dreadnoughts under construction that would have made the Rio de Janeiro obsolete. In the end, the government placed the ship for sale in October 1913. She was sold to the Ottoman Navy at the time, for £2,750,000. The contract was signed on the 28th of December 1913 and Rio was renamed Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel, while almost complete. She started her first trials in July 1914, and was completed in August 1914, just as the First World War started.

British requisitions

The British captain learned the news of war while the ship was at sea in sea trials. An Ottoman crew was en route to receive her officially, but in between, the British Government, not yet at war, took over the battleship. Meanwhile, the Turkish captain and his five hundred Turkish sailors arrived on a transport in the River Tyne. Negotiations took place, but they deteriorated to the point that the Turkish captain threatened to board his ship by force to hoist the Turkish flag. However, at that time the First Lord of the Admiralty was Winston Churchill. In his usual style, he gave strict orders to resist such an attempt at gunpoint and bayonets if necessary. And as it was not enough, the Turkish crew also learned that the British also requisitioned a King George V class vessel while still in construction at Vickers, the Reşadiye. The latter would become the HMS Erin. Negotiations resumed, but the British were quick to translate the contract's particular clause that allowed such requisition in wartime. However, as the Turks were also prompt to underline, UK was not yet at war, so this move from the government was illegal. Basically, it was a fait accompli. On 3 August, however, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire informed his Ottoman counterpart of the official requisition. Churchill indeed did not want to risk these battleships being used against the British in the Mediterranean and knew what consequences could be. Unsurprisingly, this caused outrage in Istanbul.

Consequences: The shift of alliances

This takeover caused an uproar in the Ottoman Empire, as both the government and population were united in their strong resentment. Indeed, both battleships were partially funded by public subscriptions. Donations for the Ottoman Navy came in from everywhere and were rewarded with "Navy Donation Medals". This seizure a few days later was compensated by the very opportune gift by the Kaiserliches Marine of the battlecruiser Goeben and Breslau, together with Admiral Souchon and his crews, to the Ottomans. This had the strong effect to persuade the government to turn away from Britain and later, from 29 October, the triple entente with an old enemy, Russia, and take the side of Germany and what became the "Central Powers". Russia's move to the triple entente was triggered after Goeben attacked Russian facilities in the Black Sea.

Once the matter was settled after the UK was officially at war, the Turkish crew returned home. Before commissioning the ship under her new name, the Royal Navy immediately started to make modifications before her commission: The flying bridge over the two centre turrets notably was eliminated and she had her Turkish-style lavatories were replaced. Her name was an idea of Churchill, formerly reserved for the sixth Queen Elizabeth battleship ordered under the 1914–15 Naval Estimates. But in service she was soon nicknamed the "Gin Palace" due to her unusually luxurious fittings as well as a name play ("A Gin Court"). "pink gin" was a popular drink among RN officers. It has nothing to do with the supposed shattering effect of a full broadside, although it indeed shook chandeliers and glassware in the officers' mess and other places.

The Admiralty was unprepared however to man Agincourt under short notice. Her crew was a mixed bag assembled from Royal yachts and detention barracks. Not the best and brightest perhaps, but at least Agincourt had a crew. Her captain and executive officer served previously on the HMY Victoria and Albert and discovered their ship on 3 August 1914. The crew was even completed by minor criminals who had had their sentences remitted.


HMS Agincourt showing her broadside and HMS Erin in the background veering to starboard in 1918 - colorized by Irootoko Jr.

Career of the Agincourt

HMS Agincourt had her crew trained hard until September 7th 1914, and she joined the 4th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. However, the base's ASW defense was still under construction and the fleet was at sea to avoid being torpedoed at anchor. Agincourt spent 40 active days with the Grand Fleet but suffered almost a year and a half of inaction. Inbetween, sweeps in the North Sea were done both for exercise and to try to draw the Kaiserliches Marine from its bases.


HMS Agincourt underway in 1915

HMS Agincourt

On 1 January 1915 however, Agincourt left the 4th BS for the 1st. Before the battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916, she was the last ship in line in the Sixth Division, 1st BS. Her sisters in this division were HMS Hercules, Revenge, and HMS Marlborough, the flagship. It was a heterogeneous group and thus more difficult to control. The Sixth Division was also the most starboard column when the Grand Fleet advanced to join up with Admiral Beatty's Battle Cruiser Fleet. The fight started with the High Seas Fleet shortly thereafter and Admiral Jellicoe kept the cruising formation until 18:15 and ordered the columns to deploy in a single line, aligned on the portmost division. Therefore each ship had to turn 90° in succession. The Sixth Division appeared then to be the closest to the battleships of the High Seas Fleet and they started firing even though they were making their turn to port.

This became known as the "Windy Corner", drenched by German shell splashes. The Germans however scored no hits. At 18:24, Agincourt fired on a German battlecruiser and soon her six-inch guns join her main guns in response to German destroyers closing on her. They made torpedo attacks on the battleships to cover a south turn of the Hochseeflotte, and Agincourt managed to dodge two torpedoes, whereas Marlborough was hit. Visibility had been appalling throughout the action, facilitating the destroyers' approach, but the weather cleared around 19:15. Lookouts aboard Agincourt identified a Kaiser-class battleship, and she started firing but scored no apparent hits.

The latter escaped in the smoke and haze around 20:00. Marlborough, her bulkheads damaged, had to slow down. As she was the flagship, the rest of her division did the same. But with the reducing visibility at each minute, the division lost sight of the Grand Fleet. By night, it happen they passed the badly damaged SMS Seydlitz but failed to open fire. They were in sight of Scapa at dawn on 2 June. Agincourt made a post-battle report: She had expended 144 twelve-inch shells and 111 six-inch shells, but no hit was recorded. Some authors attributed this to her lack of a modern ballistic computer, unlike other dreadnoughts.


HMS Agincourt and Erin turning to port at Jutland, a famous photo.

At 18:24, Agincourt fired on a German battlecruiser and soon also with her six-inch guns on closing in German destroyers. They made torpedo attacks on the battleships to cover a south turn of the Hochseeflotte, and Agincourt managed to didge two torpedoes, whereas Marlborough was hit. Visibility had bee appealing all along, facilitaing the destroyers approach, but the weather cleared around 19:15. HMS Agincourt lookouts identified a Kaiser-class battleship, and she started furing but scored no apparent hit. The latter escaped in the smoke and haze and around 20:00, Marlborough, her bulkheads damaged, had to slow down. As she was the flagship, the rest of her division did the same. But with the reducing visibility at each minute, the division lost sight of the Grand Fleet. By night, it happen they passed the badly damaged SMS Seydlitz but failed to open fire. They were in sight of Scapa at dawn on 2 June. Agincourt made a post-batte report: She had expended 144 twelve-inch shells and 111 six-inch shells; but no hit was recorded. Soe authors attributed this to her lack of modern ballistic computer, unlike other dreadnoughts.





HMS Agincourt in 1918. Last one by Postales navales

The latter war and end of commission

The Grand Fleet made several sorties in 1917 and 1918, but Agincourt was not listed in all of them. On 23 April 1918, she stayed permanently in Scapa with HMS Hercules to provide distant cover for the Scandinavian convoys between Norway and Britain. This was done due to a feared a High Seas Fleet sortie, which was planned but never happened. Reports from German Intelligence were off schedule as well and Admiral Scheer aborted the whole operation. Another all-out sortie was planned in October-November but never took place: Indeed by that time the crews were borderline to open mutiny.

HMS Agincourt by then had been transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron. She was there at the surrender of the High Seas Fleet, on 21 November. Placed in reserve at Rosyth in March 1919, the British Government approached the Brazilians to try to sell her at a lower price, but without success. Having no use for this non-standard, unique battleship, she was listed for disposal in April 1921. Not exactly in reserve, but with a reduced crew, she was used for experimental purposes in late 1921. Plans were made to convert her to a mobile naval base. Further plans showed the removal of five turrets, while their barbettes were converted into storage rooms and workshops. but this never materialized and she was sold for scrap on 19 December 1922, in part because of the Washington Naval Treaty. She was not scrapped until 1924.


Various appearances of the battleship until 1918.


Author's profile of the Agincourt in 1914.

Colossus specifications
Dimensions	204.7 x 27.1 x 8.2 m
Displacement	27 500 t, 30 250 T FL
Crew	1115
Propulsion	4 shaft Parsons turbines, 22 B & W boilers, 34,000 hp
Speed	22 knots (41.5 km/h)
Range	6,680 nautical miles (12,370 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h)
Armament	.
Armor	14 x 305 (7x2), 20 x 152, 12 x 76 (2 AA), 3 x 457mm TTs (stern, flanks).

The models corner

Nice model of the Agincourt by Kostas Katseas src
-Deluxe Edition FlyHawk Model 1/700
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Read More/Src

Specs Conway's all the world fighting ships 1906-21
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Friedman, Norman (2008). Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era. Annapolis
Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921. Annapolis
Gibbons, Tony (1983). The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships: A Technical Directory of Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day.
Grant, Jonathan (2007). Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.
Harner, Robert (2006). "Question 18/02: British Naval Base at Addu Atoll". Warship International. XLIII (2): 152.
Hough, Richard (1967). The Great Dreadnought: The Strange Story of H.M.S. Agincourt: The Mightiest Battleship of World War I. New York: Harper & Row.
Livermore, Seward (1944). "Battleship Diplomacy in South America: 1905–1925". Journal of Modern History 16
Martin, Percy Allen (1967) [1925]. Latin America and the War. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith.
Massie, Robert (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War. New York: Random House.
Murfin, David (2020). "Warship Notes: The Mobile Naval Base". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2020.
Newbolt, Henry. Naval Operations. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. V
Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis
Scheina, Robert (1987). Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987. Annapolis
Tarrant, V. E. (1999). Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916. Brockhampton Press.
Topliss, David (1988). "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts, 1904–1914". Warship International. XXV

The Agincourt on wikipedia
On the Dreadnought Project
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