Training cruisers to Brit-US Yards

The Chao Ho class (肇和 or 'Harmonious Beginnings') were protected cruisers ordered by the Qing Dynasty in 1910, later used by the Republic of China Navy and they fougth during the Second Zhili–Fengtian War, Northern Expedition, Second Sino-Japanese War 1937 Second Sino-Japanese war and ww2. The third one, resold to the Greeks, fought in the 1912 war as well.

The origin of the progral is found under supervision of Imperial regent Zaifeng, Prince Chun. Her commissioned a very ambitious 7-year plan, asking for the modernization of the Imperial Chinese Navy, notably to compensate fo the losses of the 1894 war with Japan. Prince Zaixun and Admiral Sa Zhenbing started a world tour, heading a purchase commission in the West, from Europe (starting in October 1909) and the United States, before stopping in Japan in 1910. The Naval Commission eventually settled on many suggestions, like the creation of a propoer, unified Ministry of the Navy. On 4 December 1910, the Commission itself became the Ministry of the Navy, headed by Prince Zaixun (as first minister). The main suggestion was to unite all three provincial fleets, before being divided again into three separate fleets to serve the Southern, Central and Northern coasts of China. The modernization program comprised massive ships such as battleships, cruisers, and of course torpedo boats and submarines.

Contract for three new training cruisers were submitted internationally and eventually awarded to two British yards, and an American yard, in 1910. The lead ship of this new class was to be named Chao Ho (see traduction) reflecting its training nature. She was laid down at Armstrong Whitworth naval yard, Elswick, on 7 November 1910. Commission intervened a year later. The second cruiser was named Ying Rui (應瑞; lit. or "Propitious Promise") also known on Conways as "Ying Swei", she was laid down at Vickers Limited at Barrow-in-Furness, and launched on 13 July 1911. The last ordered was Fei Hong (飛鴻; 'Flying Swan'), laid down on 12 May 1912 at the New York Shipbuilding Corporation. She was completed in November 1913, but since the country was in revolution, seeing the abdication of the Emperor the order was cancelled. The new Chinese republic wanted t get rid of past debts and refused the cruiser. The yard kept it to be reold, after after negociation ending successfully on 14 May 1914, Fēi Hóng, was sold to the Kingdom of Greece, renamed Elli. At that time, a conflict with Turkey was very likely. Elli was still active in WW2, but reclassed a destroyer. She was very different from the other two.

Design of the Chao Ho class

The Chao Ho-class cruisers were typical at least for the two British vessels, of the 1900 style symetrical Vickers Armstrong cruisers, from a type well-known ans well exported. They had two funnels, two masts, a forecastle and poop decks, two main axial guns on the main decks forward and aft, and secondary guns in sponsons along the lower deck. In that case however, the two British Cruisers still differed due to their respective yard's design alterations. It was the same basic design, as defined by the Chinese, but they varied in size, displacement, armour and boiler types, and their artillery also varied. This variety was wanted, specifically to have sampled of various ships designs and configurations in order to have three different training vessels, bringing cadets some variety, raising educational effectiveness, familiarize the crews with various machinery and weaponry. In particular these were the fastest Chinese cruisers, first Chinese ships with Parson steam turbines. Their machinery ran on coal and oil.

Hull design

Chao Ho design as being larger than the other two, 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m) beamier, for 290 tonnes more. Ying Swei had a different foremast, which was stepped further aft and more widely spaced funnels. Chao Ho also had a thicker armour, of 2 in (51 mm) for the main deck, versus her sister ship's 0.75 in (19 mm) on the main deck and 3 in (76 mm) and 1.75 in (44 mm) from her conning tower. She was a protected cruiser, so no belt armor was mounted, but and armoured deck, plus the guns shields and the forward conning tower. Her sister ship was smaller, 330 feet (100 metres) long by 39.5 ft (12.0 m) in beam, and its draught 13 ft (4.0 m). Displacement was lighter, at 2,460 long tons (2,500 tonnes).

Jing Swei was smaller, displacing 2,115 long tons (2,149 t) standard, and 2,600 long tons (2,642 t) fully loaded. The hull was the smallest of the three, 98 m (321 ft 6 in) in lenght, 12 m (39 ft 4 in) of beam, and draft of 4.3 m (14 ft 1 in).

Powerplant

Chao Ho was fitted with three-shaft Parsons steam turbines, mated with 4 cylindrical and 4 Yarrow boilers which developed a total of 6,000 hp (4,500 kW). Due to this mixed powerplant, the Chao Ho could reached a top speed of 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h), for an overall range of 4,500 nautilcal miles (8,300 km), at 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h).

Jing Swei (Jing Rui) was fitted with the same arrangement, with three-shaft Parsons steam turbines, two cylindrical, and 4 White-Foster boilers. She developed a total of 6,000 hp (4,500 kW). Top speed was the same, 20 knots and range better, 5,000 nmi (9,300 km) at 10 knots.

The third cruiser, Fei Hung was given three shafts parsn turbines, fed by three Thornycroft watertubes Boilers for a total of 6,000 shp. She was the slowest of the three, topping at 18 knots. She carried 400/60 tonnes of coal, and 100 tonnes of oil.


Two view design of the class

Armament

Chao Ho's primary armament consisted of:
-Two Armstrong Pattern NN 6-inch (152 mm)/50 guns, mounted on the forecastle and poop.
-Four 3-inches/50 (76 mm) in hull recesses at the poop and forecastle break.
-Six 3-pdr guns (37 mm) on the sides
-Two 1-pdr gun (20 mm) on the sides
-Two 18-inches torpedo tubes, fixed above water, aft of the bridge.

Ying Swei was armed with different, shorter main guns, Vickers Mark J, 6-inch (152 mm)/45. Secondary armament was heavier, four 4-inches (100 mm)/50 guns, four 14pdr QF guns, six 47mm/40 Hotchkiss guns and two 37 mm (1 in) Maxim guns for light armament (same placement) and the same above water two 18 in (457 mm) torpedo tubes.

The third vessel was also armed differently, with three 6-inch (152 mm) masked guns, one forward, one aft, and one of a platform in between funnels. She was given a lighter armament too with just two 3-inch (76 mm) guns, and three 40 mm (1.6 in) AA guns, plus larger above water 19-inch (483 mm) torpedo tubes, a rare caliber, seldom used. The decks had the capacity for transporting 100 mines on rails, another difference with the two other vessels.


Author's illustration of the Chao Ho class

Chao Ho class Specifications
Dimensions	105.5 m (346 ft) Beam 13 m (43 ft) Draught 4-4.3 m (15 ft)
Displacement	2,500-2,750 t (2,707 long tons)
Propulsion	Three-shaft Parsons ST, 4 cyl. 4 Yarrow boilers, 6,000 hp (4,500 kW)
Speed	Top speed 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h)
Range	4,500 nmi (8,300 km) at 10 kn (12 mph; 19 km/h)
Armament	2x 6-in/50, 4x 3 in/50, 2x 3 in, 6x 3-pdr, 2× 1pdr, 2× 18 in TTs aw
Armor	Deck: 19-51 in, CT 3 in (7.6 cm)
Crew	331

Conways profiles: Helle as rebuilt in france, and the original Chao Ho class below.

Src/Read More

Rhoads, Edward J.M.. Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928.
Wright, Richard N.J.. The Chinese Steam Navy 1862–1945. Chatham Publishing
Gray, Randall. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906-1921
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley: Seaforth.
Gardiner, Robert (1997). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press
. Rhoads, Edward J.M. (2000). Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Wright, Richard N.J. (2000). The Chinese Steam Navy. London: Chatham Publishing
Gray, Randall. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921, Volume 2. Conway Maritime Press, 1985, pp. 396–397.
https://www.barrowbc.gov.uk/pdf/17%20Chinese%20Sailor%20draft%202.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Ho-class_cruiser

Chao Ho in service

Chao Ho was ordered at Armstrong Whitworth, laid down on7 November 1910, launched about one year later on 23 October 1911 and completed on 21 February 1912. She travelled to China and was commissioned later in 1912 but nothing happened until December 1915. At that time, China was in virtual civil war. She was briefly captured by Southern Chinese rebels, during the "National Protection War". During the "Warlord Era" of the Republic of China in the 1920s, Chao Ho was often called to shell rebel positions.

In December 1923, the Zhili Clique Warlord, Wu Peifu, took the head of the Beiyang Government, and soon bribed half of the Chinese Navy into his personal service, reconstructing the famous Beiyang fleet of old. This fleet had the Chao Ho at its centerpiece, and it was anchored at the naval base of Qingdao (former German Empire Kiautschou). It was the the most advanced port in China and contained a squadron composed also of the cruisers Hai Chi, Hai Chen and the gunboats Yung Hsiang and Chu Yu. From 5 January 1924, this squadron officially became the "Northern Fleet".

Zhili Clique was defeated however during the Second Zhili–Fengtian War, and control of Qingdao passed to the Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin (Fengtian clique). The Northern Fleet was renamed the North East Fleet but suffered greatmy from neglect after all these years. Crews were poorly trained, ammunitions lacked and in general, the ships were in a state of total disrepair, with rustly hulk. At best, Chao Ho at the time was barely able to reach 10 knots. Zhang Zuolin, close politically to the Empire of Japan sent Chao Ho and other vessels from the fleet to be refitted in Japan in 1927. Irony would have it that ten years later the same would also sink them.

In 1927, the Kuomintang Government led by Chiang Kai-shek launched his Northern Expedition and finally brought and end to the Northern Chinese warlords. With his newly trained National Revolutionary Army, the Kuomintang still could not put his hands on the Navy, which stayed loyal to Zhang. In 1927, Chao Ho made now back from Japan in perfect state (It seems no significant changes were made to the armament or powerplant) and eventually manned by a new crew. She started offensive sorties to shell Nationalist naval fortifications at Wusong, off the coast of Shanghai. Chao Ho also covered the brief occupation of the island of Kinmen off Xiamen coast, in May 1928.

The Kuomintang eventually captured Beijing in 1928. Zhang was eventually betrayed by the Japanese, killed when his train he was blown up by Japanese officers of the Kwangtung Army, in retaliation for his failure in defeating Chiang Kai-shek. His son, Zhang Xueliang pledged allegiance to Chiang Kai-shek and former North East Fleet officially integrated the Republic of China Navy. In 1930, the only modification on Chao Ho was the addition of two QF 2 pounder anti-aircraft guns on a platform, at the base of the mainmast. The North East Fleet became the Third Squadron, still based in Qingdao.


Chao Ho in the 1930s.

In July 1933, a lieutenant from the gunboat Chen Hai discontent with poor wages, tried to kill Admiral Shen Hung-lieh, also the mayor of Qingdao. He was executed but in solidarity, the Third Squadron (Hai Chi, Hai Chen, Chao Ho) mutinied. The crews decided to sail to Guangzhou (general Chen Jitang). In the wake of the Northern Expedition, the situation was still troyble ad cliques reappared. Mutineers were welcomed by the city and crews were pressed into the Cantonese faction. Still, the fleet remained underpaid and underemployed and mutiny leader Rear-Admiral Kiang Hsi-yuan was forced out and replaced by a local Cantonese commander, trigerring a new mutiny. The fleet left Guangzhou on 15 June 1935 but Chao Ho soon hit the bottom and remained for a time stuck in mud. Meanwhile Hai Chi and Hai Chen encountered the Nationalist cruiser Ning Hai (admiral Chan Chak on board) and made a stand. There were warning shots but negotiations started and the situation diffused on 18 July. Meanwhile, Chao Ho was freed and joined both cruisers, being informed of the new situation. Until 1937 the fleet was back in their home port and nothing much happened. But this will soon change.

The second Sino-Japanese war saw the captured if Beiping and Tianjin while Chao Ho was stationed at the naval fort in Bocca Tigris, defending Guangzhou and the mouth of the Pearl River. On 14 September 1937 she joined Hai Chow (a former British Arabis-class sloop), and both engaged the IJN Yūbari and destroyers Hayate and Oite. They were forced to retreat, while the Chinese squadron was alsoc covered by Bocca Tigris forts land based artillery. Japan sent the aircraft carriers Ryūjō and Hōshō to launch raids against the forts and ans also targeted the damaged ships in the entrance of Pearl River. They also launched raids against the whole Pearl River Delta and Guangzhou. On 30 September 1937, Chao Ho was targeted by one such IJN bomber raid. Her poor AA was of no help and she received several hits and eventually sank, also the exact circumstance of her loss are foggy at best. She was latter refloated and scrapped by Japanese occupation forces.

Ying Swei (Ying Rui) in service

Ying Swei (or Ying Rui) was laid down at Vickers, Barrow-in-Furness in late 1910, launched on 13 July 1911, completed and starting her sea trials in UK by 2 December 1911, so barely six month after launch, showing the efficience of Vickers yards at the time. Her Chinese crews arrived and started training on the River Clyde. The initial crew of British sailors was indeed supplemented by men from the cruiser Hai Chi also in Barrow-in-Furness. Trials were completed successfully by 9 December 1911 but still, she was not delivered due to the tense situation in China. After long loan negotiation, she was eventually delivered to China in April 1913, designated as training cruiser of the Republic of China Navy. In mid-1917, Admiral Sa Zhenbing commanded both Ying Rui and Chao Ho. He was ordered to sent hos cruisers to shell positions held by rebels of the Manchu Restoration, but refused. In 1920 Ying Rui was based in Nanjing.

In July 1923, Ying Rui and Hai Yung departed Shanghai to attack Amoy (Xiamen), preventing navy defections to the Beiyang Governmenta. This was a success and the city was re-taken by simultaneous land assault. Ying Rui took part in many major operations, with the Central Fleet, her crew eventually swearing allegiance to the Kuomintang on 14 March 1927 (Northern Expedition). In 1933, Ying Rui returned to her training role with the old Tung Chi and transport Ching A. By late June 1935, Ying Rui she was sent in Hong Kong after the mutiny of Chao Ho, Hai Chi and Hai Chen.

When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Ying Rui was in the Central Fleet with the brand new Ning Hai, Ping Hai and the older Yat Sen, stationed at Jiangyin, entrance of the Yangtze. From 14 August 1937, the Imperial Japanese Navy started aerial attacks (Battle of Shanghai) and started to target Jiangyin. Air raids were made from Ryūjō, Hōshō and Kaga, targeting the Chinese fleet. By the end of September, Ying Rui was the last remaining cruiser, surviving a revious attack. It was decided to send her to satefy in Nanjing. By mid-October 1937 the Central Fleet no longer existed and Ying Rui was diarmed, her guns transferred to the army to be used in the defense of Nanking. On 24 October 1937 the removal process was ongoing when she was attacked by Japanese dive-bombers and eventually sank, with a large par tof her artillery remaining.

The fate of Fei Hong

Cancellation and sale to Greece

Elli in 1940.

Fei Hong was ordered on a similar general layout as her sister ship, but her fate was very different: Originally one of three cruisers, the "Flying Swan" was the only one built in an American Naval Yard, New York Shipbuilding. Started on 14 June 1911, launched on 4 May 1912 she was completed on November 1913. However in between situation in China changed dramatically, as the Nationalist revolution in 1912–13 saw the fall of the Imperial government, and the new authorities declined to pay for the cruiser. The purchase was later formally cancelled, leaving the yard with a completed cruiser without buyer in 1914. The US Government had no use for it, so Fei Hung was available on the market. Due to the degrading situation in the eastenr Mediterranean, she was sold eventually to Greece, as part of its naval expansion aprogram fter the Balkan Wars. She was renamed Elli and transferred to Greece in 1914. The war broke out but Greece remained neutral initially.

Greek neutality was not easy though, as Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos favored the Entente and King Constantine the Central Powers. Political conflict became the "National Schism". In November 1916, the French wanted this crisis resolved and Greece joining by force the entente. They threatened Athens with the fleet, and sent marine troops to confiscate Greek ships in the Piraeus. Elli was captured also, and continued operations, but with French crews. She was deployed in convoy escort and patrol duties in the Aegean and was crewed by Greeks again when at least Athens resolved the question by leaving neutrality and officially joining the entente on June 1917. The Greek Navy took part in the Aegean campaign, deployed Elli with Giorgios Averoff in several operations. During the Asia Minor Expedition, King Paul of Greece was sub-Lieutenant on board Elli and was present in Smyrna in September 1922.

Reconstruction and WW2 service

After the war she was sent to be reconstructed in France with Georgios Averof. He aspects changed consideraby and she received a modern anti-aircraft armament plus mine laying equipment. Her hull was also radically modified, giving her her final aspect. In WW2, the cruiser Elli was in operations, when spotted by the Italian submarine Delfino. At that time, Greece was at peace with Italy, but the submarine sank her anyway, at 8:25 am on 15 August 1940, while she she sailed off the island of Tinos, participating in celebrations of the Dormition of the Theotokos. One torpedo hit her boiler, which and caught fire and finally she sank, carrying with her to the bottom 8 petty officers and sailors while 24 others were wounded. The Greek government later established the Italians were at the origin of this, recovering torpeo fragments, but tried to avoid a confrontation and announced the nationality of the attacking submarine unknown. The Greco-Italian War wuld break anyway two months later. After the war, Italy gave as compensation the cruiser Eugenio di Savoia, commissione dunder the same and in service from 1950 to 1973.