Bronstein class Frigate (1962)

The Bronstein class were a pair of experimental destroyer escort and later frigates (This applied to all DEs in 1975) to align with NATO, both from Avondale Shipyards, built 1961-1963.
They were a stlightly beefier and better equipped versions of the previous Claud Jones class, that were themselves simplified version of the costly Dealey class of the late 1950s.
These were a second generation of cold war destroyer escorts, a developmental step to test many new systems for future use: New hull design, larger bow-mounted AN/SQS-26AX sonar system, improved ASW suite, and generally a new design from the keel up, already integrating FRAM upgrades, like the DASH drone. However their top weight and very large bow-mounted sonar made them too slow for effective ASW operations, but inspired the next Garcia-class, which regained speed. Retired in 1990 from US Navy service (27 years), they went on in the Mexican Navy until 2017.

A port beam view of the frigate USS BRONSTEIN (FF 1037) underway off the coast of Southern California.

Development

Dealeys & Claud Jones: Mass production in mind.

The Dealey class were the srtarting point of cold war US Frigates, designed to replace the mass-built WW2 coastal PC-boats as well as being a new class of destroyer escort and a continuation in effect of the 1943 John C. Butler class, last of the 500+ escort force testing a multitude of engineering solutions. Most had been reactivated for the Korean war, some were still active as far as the Korean War as the Congress was unwilling to vote for new destroyer escorts in numbers. The Dealey class tested a concept of mass-built ASW vessels in case of war, but they were considered too expensive and complex to build so the next successor was to be cheaper, simpleer and easy to produce, leading to the Project SCB 131 of The Claud Jones class. They were essentially a more cost-effective version for essential anti-submarine warfare work in case of rapid mobilization. They were simplified in many ways and even were single-shaft diesel-powered ship to maximize cost effectiveness, cutting half engineering cost. They were all ordered FY1957, all awarded to Avondale Shipyard in Louisiana.

The 2nd. Gen DE Testbeds

Many in the Navy were however already nervous about a class that was not up to the task at hands, notably for the latest class of Soviet Submarines, with rumors of nuclear powered SSNs in development behind the iron curtain. With the 1960s approaching, the Congress will likely grant new construction funds to gradually replace WW2 legacy destroyer escorts. So in 1957, it was agreed to test the waters of a more advance, second generation “ocean escorts” in the terminology of the time. The 1st generation were stopgap ships that could be mass-produced cheaply and the Claud Jones were indeed a good experiment in that, but they will prove only adapted to chase off Soviet diesel subs and nothing more. They proved what kind of ships could be build en masse in wartime, but for the expected next generation submarines, likely nuclear, everybody feared, a ship capable of hunting up to 27+ knots submarines was expected, wich could also detect them from afar, and hunt them down with a new promising “secret weapon”, the DASH drone, planned to be the miracle ASW asset that was about to be ported as standard to the fleet thanks to the FRAM program, notably to recycle all legacy WW2 destroyers. See FRAM I and FRAM II.

The naval staff worked thus on a second generation, more advanced ship that could be built in the 1960s. They were developmental vessels conveived with some extra room in order to test as many new systems as possible, starting with a brand new hull design, and a much larger bow-mounted dome, to house the latest, but large AN/SQS-26AX sonar system, plus all the bells & whistles in terms of ASW weaponry of the FRAM improvements, notably, a design that would incorporate the DASH drone helicopter from the ground up. The hull bow sonar dome was also roomy enough for future upgrades, whoch proved handy when replacing it by the much improved AN/SQS-26AX(R). This was a class of mich larger ships as well, expected to go from 1,300 to 2,300 tons standard, so a clear departure from WW2 Destroyer Escorts. However, they were still engineered “to the cheap” with a single steam turbine. This woul late led to the bggest shortcomings of the design, as well as the top weight linked to the new ASW equipment. The bow-mounted sonar was also so bulky it clearly added a lot of drag, and that combination of a rather weak powerplant and a luch beefed up vessel led to the Bronstein design being regarded as too slow for effective ASW task forces. They ended however as a necessary setp towards the next Garcia-class, the first mass-produced 2nd generatiobn destroyer escort, and from 1975 onwards, frigates.

Design of the class

Hull and general design

The Bronstein were designed for future upgrades and were far larger than the previous Claud Jones, they were heavier, longer, larger, with a constant-beam hull, long forecastle and short aft stern deck. Standard displacement was 2,360 tons standard, 2,960 full load versus 1,314 long tons/1,916 long tons (1,947 t) full load for 372 ft (113 m) versus 301 feet (91.7 m) long overall. The beam now reached 41 feet (12 m) versus 38 feet (11.6 m) for a much greater draft due in part to the new box sonar, at 23 ft (7.0 m) to the bottom of the sonar dome versus 12 feet 11 inches (3.9 m) on the Claud Jones. Access to rivers and estuaries was more difficult now. This was still the smallers hull, despite being 57 feet longer, that could accommodate the giant new SQS-26 bow-mounted sonar. Her “hurricane bow”, extended forecastle but imperceptible sheer made her faster. They were also roomier in terms of accomodations, large enough for 20 officers and 200 men when their standard crew was of 196, 16 officers and 180 enlisted men.

The hull was simplified shared with the previous ships a less pronounced flare, streight clipper bow, and more bulkier, with less gradual slanted sides to the stem but still a narrower forecastle. They also shared the same “central island” structure, but larger, roomier, on three levels, also made in aluminum in order to reduce top weight (the danger of fire was still not a factor), and instead of a tripod mast forward and pole mast back amidships they now had a single “mack”: The “funnel” supported now the sensors platform, composed of a H shaped platform for various sensors, a main aerial, and an aft mast for another platform. The turbines, instead of diesels, were vented out of two angled stacks. No consideration was given to the IR signature.

The single block bridge was composed of a enclosed bridge with wings and above an open bridge, three-faceted, and with bulwarks at the base, separating the foredeck from the aft deck. When the structure recessed, the triple Torpedo Tubes were unstalled. The standard pair boats under davits were deleted, instead a single admiralty cutter was placed aft starboard and stacks of containrized standard inflatable boats were suspended high up of the structure flanks. The forecastle ended with the flight deck for the DASH drone system, with side safety nets, followed by the lower deck ending with a transom stern, and the VDS apparatus. The bridge was pushed a but further back in order to give room to the ASROC launcher and its reloading system. The ship had a single axial bow anchor, two counterkeels, single rudder and single shaft propeller.

Powerplant

To cut costs, engineers chosed to stick to the single shaft, with a 5-bladed fixed pitch propeller of large size, for low revs, suspended under a “V” strut. But instead of a quatuor of Fairbanks Morse 38ND8 diesel engines, it was decided to recall back steam turbines to regain speed, two Foster-Wheeler 600 PSI at 824 degrees F boilers feeding in turn a single Westinghouse turbine coupled to de Laval locked-train double reduction gears for extra agility for a total of 22,000 shp (16,000 kW) instead of 9,200 brake horsepower (6,860 kW) on the previous ships. However thuis extra power could not compensate for the larger and heavier hull, and was only good for a top speed of 26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph), versus 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph) on the Claud Jones.
The range fell however to 4,000 mi (6,400 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) versus 7,000 nautical miles (12,964 km; 8,055 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) on the Claud Jones. This was based on a bunkerage of 3430 barrels NSFO and 167 barrels of Diesel Oil or 480 tons. Of course when the Projekt 27 kit (NATO November class) appeared to make 30 knots and more, this was no longer sufficient when it was decided the new ASW task forces would go for 30+ knots as well. They remains the “oddballs” of the Navy, used for tests alongside their active service.
They were not liked in trials and early service, being bow-heavy and extremely “lively”.

Armament

There was a demand to simplify armament of the previous ships, which dropped the Weapon Alfa, and only kept dual purpose gun mounts, hedgehogs, single depth charge rack and projectors plus triple torpedo tube banks amidship, hull sonar and VDS. However this was not enough for that 2nd gen. Ocean Escorts and in 1959 as the design was finalized to be approved FY1960, developments of the FRAM program led to its full adoption, at FRAM I level, so essentially ASROC + DASH. They would still retain their triple torpedo tubes, their forward twin 3-in/50 Mark 33 mount however, but dropped the hedgehogs and depth charges, now obsolete. Let’s sive into these:

3-in/50 Mark 33

Designed as replacement for the Bofors, these were the ultimate evolution of the good old 3-inches gun in US service since the 1890s. The goal was to procure the entire USN with a better system than the heavy 5-in/38 DP, able to deal with Kamikaze, but there was no intermediate caliber that could fire a VT fuzed shell. That became the main motivation behind the Mark 33 design, a twin mounting for two barrels of 3-in/50 Mark 22, rushed by BuOrd for test firing on 1 September 1945. But it really was ready and produced en masse after the end of the war, and deployed as planned on most USN ships. A licence was even acquired by Spain. On the Bronsteins, the single forward mount MK 33, turreted was operated by an MK 56 radar director and MK 114 Mod 7 ASW fire-control system using MK 1 target designation system.
it was removed in 1975 (see below).
Specs: Mass 1,760 lbs. (798 kg) not including auto-loader, barrel 159.7 in (4.055 m) oa.
Fired the AA VT Mark 31 Mod 1: 24 lbs. (10.9 kg), HC Mark 27 Mod 1: 24 lbs. (10.9 kg) or ASP M78: 24.4 lbs. (11.1 kg)
MV 2,700 fps (823 mps), Rate Of Fire 45-50 rpm, range up to 29,800 feet (9,083 m), max, 19,640 feet (5,986 m) optimal.

324mm Mark 32 Torpedo Tubes

In service from 1960, they were universally adopted for all escort ships and cruisers in the USN, made to launch ASW acoustic torpedoes of numerous marks. Recoignizable as a triple set with an upper tube and two lower tubes. Easy to reload and train manually, albeit the torpedo needed to be brought on a chariot. Full mass was 2,230 lb (1,010 kg). They fired back in 1960 the first generaiton torpedo with likely the Mark 37 acoustic model. Caliber was 12.75 in (324 mm).

The Mark 37 Mod 0 appeared in 1957 and the Mod 1 in 1960 and were likely adopted.

Specs: 1,430 lbs. (649 kg) for 11 ft 3 in (3.429 m) 330 lbs. (150 kg) HBX payload, 10,000 yards (9,140 m) at 26 knots or 23,500 yards (21,490 m) at 17 knots. Powered by Electric-Battery with Active and passive acoustic guidance for the Mod 0 but wire-guided for the Mod 1. More

RUR-5 ASROC

Note that this system had no reloads. When all eight missiles were fired, the ship was forced back to base. The RUR-5 ASROC (“Anti-Submarine ROCket”) is the proverbial all-weather, all sea-conditions anti-submarine missile developed for the USN in the 1950s, as a natural evolution of the Hedgehog of WW2n then the Weapon alpha and British ASW mortars such as a the Squid. It offered the possibility to not send a depht charge but a far more potent acoustic torpedo on target, with a low-speed, moderate-range missile carrier. Australia developed such a weapon also with the Ikara. ASROC was deployed in the 1960s, was updated in the 1990s, and installed on over 200 USN surface ships from cruisers, to frigates and was of course all-important for the FRAM II program. It was at its core.
Specs
Missile Mass: 1,073 pounds (487 kg), length 14.75 ft (4.50 m), diam. 16.6 inches (420 mm), Wingspan 26+7⁄8 inches (680 mm)
Warhead: Mark 46 torpedo, 96.8 pounds (43.9 kg) of PBXN-103 high explosive, 10 kt (42 TJ) W44 nuclear warhead
Detonation mechanism: Payload specific
Engine: Solid propellant rocket motor, range 6 mi (9.7 km) subsonic.

DASH

The Gyrodyne QH-50 DASH (Drone Anti-Submarine Helicopter) was one of the first recorded naval drones. By eliminating the human factor, it was possible to design a much smaller craft, available to be used on smaller USN ships, such as frigates and patrol boats. It was not tasked of the same duties as regular helicopters, usually performing SAR missions much often than ASW hunting or communication relay for OTH missile guidance. The system was created to boost ASW capabilities of existing ships -new and converted- at a time the Soviet Navy was building submarines faster than the USN could build ASW frigates.

Tests began in the late 1950s already and the first operational model was introduced in 1962. The intermediate, and most current model Mark II was propelled by a pair of Porsche YO-95-6 engines and carried a single Mk 43 homing torpedo. It used a contrarotary drive to stay compact. The idea came from the attempted USMC scouting RON Rotorcycle. But in the end the DASH was considered expendable and used extensively cheap off-the-shelf industrial electronics with no back-ups and multi-channel analog FM. In action, the attrition rate was enormous, with 80% losses due to system failures and malfunctions. So much so that the whole program was scrapped in 1969, when the USN was focused on Vietnam and ASW was no longer a priority, at least officially.
Note that after their SQS-26AX VDS upgrades they received the QH-50D variant of DASH.

Sensors

The Bronstein class were the most advances in this area so far: They combined the AN/SPS-40 Air search radar, the AN/SPS-10 Surface search radar, the fire control radar AN/SPG-35 and more importantly, the AN/SQS-26 AX(R) bow mounted sonar, well compemented by the TASS Towed Array Sonar System, planned, but no installed before the mid-1970s for trials (later removed). They also had the MK 6 Fanfare torpedo decoy system.

AN/SPS-40D

The AN/SPS-40D is a two-dimensional (2D), long range air search radar providing contact bearing and range, replaced later by the AN/SPS-49. It was a vacuum tube design, notoriously sensitive to the vibration from shipboard gunfire. Introduced in 1961 its Frequency was between 400-450 MHz, in UHF band for 7.5 rpm (long-range mode) or 15 rpm (low flier detection mode), practical Range 250 nmi. The array measured 140″ x 214″, had a vertical beam width of 19° and horizontal beam width of 10.5°, peak power of 200-300 kW.

SPS-10F

2D radar from 1959. FRQ 5.45 to 5.825 GHz (5.50 to 5.15 cm) C-band, PRF 650 Hz, Beamwidth 1.9° × 16° vertical, 12° horizontal. Pulsewidth 1.3 μs. RPM 15 rpm fixed, Range 50 miles (43 nmi; 80 km) and Power 190 kW peak (short pulse) or 280 kW peak (long pulse).

SPG-35

Fire control radar for the Mark 33 mounts, improved compared to the SPG-34. They were placed on the mount itself, coupled with the Mark 57 gun director, and Mark 63 gunfire control system for AA fire, with a parabolic reflector 40-in wide, fed by cutler-feed. Working on X band for a peak power of 30 kW, range 23 km, beamwidth 2.4°. TO UPDATE

AN/SQS-26 AX(R)

Instead of the SQS-29/32 hull-mounted sonar of the previous ships, former SQS-4 updated to the EDT, the new ship had the fat better, but also heavier and bulkier AN/SQS-26 AX(R) sonar system. It was very much the peak bow sonar type ever developed so far in the USN and the core asset of the new ship. The AN/SQS-26 was a low frequency, active/passive sonar developed from the Naval Underwater Sound Laboratory, built by General Electric and EDO an dlater installed on 87 US Navy warships until the 1990s, still in use on foreign now foreign transfers.
Under JETDS its was 26th design of an Army-Navy electronic device for surface ship sonar search system. It weighed 27 tonnes and 215 kg (60,000 lb) and could be operated as a passive sonar on the 1.5 kHz frequency or active sonar at 3–4 kHz. Maximum output was 240 kW for a range between 18 to 64 km (11 to 40 mi) and a direct path, bottom reflected, passive and convergence zone (CZ) capabilities. It was considered the world’s best sonar at the time, also adopted by the new frigates of the Garcia and Brooke class. Later designs had the BX and CX versions. The Bronstein kept their AX version until the end of their service, never updated.
Specs:

TASS Towed Array Sonar

Variable Depth Sonar installed around 1975 but removed rapidly. Data in research.
It’s possible that before it, they were equipped with the SQS-4 VDS, part of the FRAM basic package. Long-range active/passive, search and attack sonar. First major long-range sonar designed after World War II, basis for later USN sonars with an operating frequency of 14 KHz, with selectable pulse lengths of 6, 30, or 80 milliseconds with corresponding power outputs of 50, 30, and 10 kW. Range up to 15,000 yards (13,716 m). Used in a vertical dipping configuration it remained more useful than directly in the hull.
Another sources stated they had the SQS-26AXR sonar from the start.
However in 1975, both ships lost their forward guns to regain stability, and USS MacCloy tested the AN/SQS-15 TASS sonar system, installed in 1982-83, the SQR-15 sonar:
The AN/SQR-14 and 15 were the first long-range, towed sonar arrays used operationally by the US Navy. Also known as Towed Array Surveillance System (TASS ), the SQR-15 was supported by an equipment van on the ships’ fantail, permitting it to be “cross-decked” between ships. This was a passive detection system.
status. Initial operational capability obtained in 1973, with a total of seven systems produced for the US Navy. The SPRUANCE class destroyers had it initially.

Electronic Warfare

It rested on three elements:
-The WLR-1 & WLR-3 EW systems
-The ULQ-6 ECM suite
-The MK 6 Fanfare torpedo decoy system.
They also had a OE-82 Satellite Antenna with SSR-1 receiver.

⚙ Bronstein specifications
Displacement	2,360 tons standard, 2,960 full load
Dimensions	372 x 41 x 23 ft (113 x 12 x 7 m oa)
Propulsion	1 shaft steam turbine, 2x FW Boilers: 22,000 shp (16,000 kW)
Speed	26 knots (48 km/h; 30 mph)
Range	480t fuel oil, 4,000 nm/15 kts
Armament	1×2 3-in/50, ASROC, DASH, 2×3 12.75-in ASW TTs
Sensors	SPS-40, 10, 1x SPG-34 FCS, SQS-26 sonar, VDS
Crew	196 (16 officers, 180 men)

USS Bronstein was ordered from Avondale Shipyards, Avondale, Louisiana FY1960, laid down on 16 May 1961, launched on 31 March 1962 and commissioned on 15 June 1963.
She was the lead ship of her class, named in honor of Assistant Surgeon Ben Richard Bronstein, killed in action (KiA) on 28 February 1942 after USS Jacob Jones (DD-130) was sunk by a German U-boat off Cape May in New Jersey. She was commissioned as DE-1037 under command of Stanley Thomas Counts. She operated in Pacific Fleet when her sister USS McCLOY (DE-1038) operated in Atlantic Fleet to test different environments and waters for the main bow sonar, which was their main goal. Thus, she took part in many exercises with the 7th fleet in many ASW exercises, either on the west coast (for the 3rd fleet), or southern pacific, notably in and around Peal Harbour. However soon it appeared her original sonar systems were “miserably unreliable”, and they rolled and pitched a lot, while struglling to keep up in any ASW manoeuvers.

In the summer of 1967, BRONSTEIN was upgraded in an “austere” way compared to her sister, from a SQS-26 to the SQS-26 AX(R) without getting the AX variant. It was more reliable, but it appeared she was really too small for this sonar system. Equipment rooms to the system filled the entire forward tier of the hull. The main gun, the forward 3″/50 Mk 33 could not be fired with the sonar in use, as vibrations caused the latter to fell off line. Nevetherless this system took advantage of bottom-bounce and convergence zone modes. Despite the limitations of her sonar she was sent for a tour od duty in Vietnam, notably escorting the USS Kearsage Combat Group on Yankee Station. She likely had R&R in the Philippines and Hong Kong in between, and possibly visited Japan as well. Her role was important as the “long range” guardian against Soviet Nuclear powered submarines that were known to deployed there from the Pacific Fleet HQ at Vladivostok.

After she was reclassified as a Frigate (FF-1038) on June 30, 1975, she was excluded from the new ASW Task Forces and lost her formward main gun to make full use of her sonar, and retained only for local waters tests and trials as well as training crews for the next Garcia and Brooke class.
She was eventually decommissioned on December 14, 1990, and stricken on the 17th. Placed in the mothballs, she struck from the Navy list on 4 October 1991 and eventually disposed of through the Security Assistance Program (linked to the MDAP) in a foreign military sale, on 12 November 1993 and transferred to Mexico the same day, renamed ARM Hermenegildo Galeana (F202).
Under this name she was active until decommissioned in April 2017, decommissioned but status unknown as of 2026.

USS McCloy was ordered on 13 June 1960 at Avondale Shipyard, Inc., Westwego, Louisiana, laid down on 15 September 1961, launched on 9 June 1962 and commissioned on 21 October 1963. She had the motto “Above and Beyond”, and honored the memory of LCDR John C. McCloy, recipient of two Medals of Honor. She was assigned to Escort Squadron 10, homeported to Newport, Rhode Island and starting operations from January 1964. In October, she completed a set of specialized training, starting to train sonar technicians and sued as schoolship throughout 1965, testing new anti-submarine warfare weapons systems, reporting to the Operational Test and Evaluation Force. She the took part in a first joint United States-RCN exercises in the spring and fall long the northern Atlantic, winter conditions to test her sonar suite in cold and icy waters.

In 1966 she cruised to Bermuda for NATO exercises in April and was back north to the New England and Virginia coasts, for convoy escort exercises this summer and in the Caribbean for fleet tactical exercises by November–December. From 16 January, and until 24 May 1967 she was part of exercise Matchmaker III. She departed the Caribbean for northern Europe, and joined ships from the Dutch, British, and Canadian Navies. For “Cross Pollinization” McCloy’s men transferred to the Dutch destroyer HNLMS Limburg and British frigate HMS Berwick while their own crews integrated USS McCloy and USS Zellars.

By the fall of 1967 and early 1968 she was overhauled at Boston, Massachusetts and prepared for a possible deployment in the Mediterranean. By March however she had her usual refresher training at Guantánamo Bay and was back in Newport by June, but departed on 8 July for an extended cruise and on 11 July arrived at San Juan, Puerto Rico, joining ships of Brazil and Colombia for UNITAS IX. On 15 July she started a clockwise circumnavigation of South America, wokked with ASW planes of eight nations in the Atlantic, around the Horn, into the Pacific and back through the Panama Canal into the Caribbean. She remained in east coast Atlantic operations into 1969 and unlike her sister she was not deployed to Vietnam.

USS McCloy was reclassified as a frigate (FF-1038) on 30 June 1975. At last she was deployed to the Mediterranean in January-June 1981 with a newly installed Passive Anti-Submarine Towed Array Sonar Surveillance System (TASS). Ths system proved highly capable and successful for extensive tracking of submarines. She was back Norfolk, Virginia in June 1981 and back at sea under short notice for additional Special ASW operations in Bermuda. She then departed Norfolk for another Mediterranean Deployment in July-December 1982. Between her ASROC, DASH, Torpedoes and TASS passive sonar system plus her bow sonar she spent time tracking Soviet submarines coming from the Black sea.

By September 1982, McCloy was stationed off Beirut, given the active conflict between Israel and the PLO. She also escorted nine ships used from the UN United Nation for PLO evacuation from Beirut, and to safe haven ports nearby. She received a Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) fror her actions from 8 June to 22 December 1982 and the 6th Fleet “Hook Em” Award, Best ASW Ship in the Atlantic for 1 October 1980 to 31 March 1982 by CNS U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Back home she was again in Special ASW Operations in the Western Atlantic and “Bermuda Box”.

On 31 October 1983 she managed to snag K-324, a Soviet Victor III-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, with her new towed array. It was hung into her propeller. She surfaced, and after calling for help, towed by Cuban tugs to nearby Cienfuegos, Cuba for repairs, by a Soviet salvage ship from 5 November 1983. In the late 1980s, McCloy started a round of drug interdiction operations in the Caribbean with the US Coast Guard and had a permanent law enforcement team on board. She took part in several drug busts, up to 50-ton marijuana from the “Sea Wanderer” in November 1986. By 27 April 1988, McCloy assisted submarine rescue vessel USS Petrel and salvage ship USS Hoist after a fire on USS Bonefish.

She was decommissioned on 14 December 1990, stricken three days later and mothballed. She won the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, Meritorious Unit Commendation with star, Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation, Navy “E” Ribbon (2 awards), Navy Expeditionary Medal, National Defense Service Medal with star, Humanitarian Service Medal, Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon and
Sea Service Deployment Ribbon with star for her service. She was eventually transferred to Mexico on 1 October 1993 with her sister and renamed ARM Nicolás Bravo (E40) after a Mexican politician and soldier.

Gallery

Exports

Bronstein was sold to Mexico on 1 October 1993. Renamed Hermenegildo Galeana (E-42); later ARM Hermenegildo Galeana (F202). Discarded in 2017.
McCloy was sold to Mexico on 1 October 1993. Renamed ARM Nicolas Bravo (E-40); later ARM Nicolas Bravo (F201). Discarded 2017.

Read More/Src

Books

Polmar, Norman “The U.S. Navy: Sonars, Part 1” United States Naval Institute Proceedings July 1981 p.119
Blackman, Raymond V. B. (1971). Jane’s Fighting Ships 1971–72. London: Sampson Low Marston & Co. Ltd.
Friedman, Norman (1982). U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History. NIP
Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen, eds. (1995). Conway’s All The World’s Fighting Ships 1947–1995.

Links

destroyerhistory.org/
navweaps.com
navsource.net/ bronstein
navsource.net McCloy
gyrodynehelicopters.com bronstein_class
navweaps.com
navypedia.org/
en.wikipedia.org
USN sonars development pdf
globalsecurity.org
nvr.navy.mil/
navysite.de/

Model Kits

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